ref: 27b0515218f70d2c1aa0bea6db3f08dfb8113878
parent: b794ba0c054718d46a4075b6a8a40e7c878b417c
author: robs <robs>
date: Sun Dec 24 11:04:40 EST 2006
Ongoing clean-ups, esp. for PS and HTML.
--- a/sox.1
+++ b/sox.1
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
.de Sh
.br
.ne 5
-.PP
+
\fB\\$1\fR
-.PP
+
..
.de Sp
.if t .sp .5v
@@ -11,116 +11,100 @@
..
.TH SoX 1 "November 14, 2006" "sox" "Sound eXchange"
.SH NAME
-SoX \- Sound eXchange : universal audio file translator and processor
+SoX \- Sound eXchange: The Swiss Army knife of audio manipulation
.SH SYNOPSIS
-.P
+.nf
\fBsox\fR \fIinfile1\fR [ \fIinfile2\fR ... ] \fIoutfile\fR
-.P
+
\fBsox\fR [ \fIglobal options\fR ] [ \fIformat options\fR ] \fIinfile1\fR
-.br
[ [ \fIformat options\fR ] \fIinfile2\fR ... ] [ \fIformat options\fR ] \fIoutfile\fR
-.br
[ \fIeffect\fR [ \fIeffect options\fR ] ... ]
-.P
+
\fBsoxmix\fR \fIinfile1 infile2\fR [ \fIinfile3\fR ... ] outfile\fR
-.P
+
\fBsoxmix\fR [ \fIglobal options\fR ] [ \fIformat options\fR ] \fIinfile1\fR
-.br
[ \fIformat options\fR ] \fIinfile2\fR
-.br
[ [ \fIformat options\fR ] \fIinfile3\fR ... ]
-.br
[ \fIformat options\fR ] \fIoutfile\fR
-.br
[ \fIeffect\fR [ \fIeffect options\fR ] ... ]
+.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-.I SoX
-reads and writes most popular audio formats and can optionally apply
+SoX reads and writes most popular audio formats and can optionally apply
effects to them; it includes a basic audio synthesiser, and on Unix-like
systems, can play and record audio files.
-.P
-.I SoX
-can also combine multiple input files (with the same sample rate and
+
+SoX can also combine multiple input files (with the same sample rate and
number of channels) to form one output file using one of three methods:
`concatenate' (the default), `mix', or `merge'. \fBsoxmix\fR is an
alias for \fBsox\fR for which the default combining method is `mix'.
-.P
-The overall
-.I SoX
-processing chain can be summarised as follows:
-.P
+
+The overall SoX processing chain can be summarised as follows:
+
.ce
-Input(s) --> Combiner --> Effects --> Output
-.P
+Input(s) \[->] Combiner \[->] Effects \[->] Output
+
\fBFile Formats\fR
.br
-There are two types of audio file format that
-.I SoX
-can work with. The first is `self-describing'. Such formats include a
-header that completely describes the characteristics of the audio data
-that follows.
-The second type is `headerless', often called raw data. For a file
-of this type, the audio data characteristics are sometimes described by
-the file-name extension, sometimes by giving format options on the
-.I SoX
+There are two types of audio file format that SoX can work with. The
+first is `self-describing'. Such formats include a header that
+completely describes the characteristics of the audio data that follows.
+The second type is `headerless', often called raw data. For a file of
+this type, the audio data characteristics are sometimes described by the
+file-name extension, sometimes by giving format options on the SoX
command line, and otherwise by a combination of the two.
-.P
+
The following four characteristics are sufficient to describe
-audio data so that it can be processed with \fISoX\fR:
-.TP 10
+audio data so that it can be processed with SoX:
+.TP
sample rate
The sample rate in samples per second (or Hz). For example, digital telephony
traditionally uses a sample rate of 8000Hz; CDs use 44,100Hz.
-.TP 10
+.TP
sample size
The number of bits (or bytes) used to store each sample. Most popular are
8-bit (i.e. one byte) and 16-bit (i.e. two bytes, or one `word').
-.TP 10
+.TP
data encoding
The way in which each audio sample is stored (or `encoded').
Some encodings involve an element of `compression'.
Commonly-used encoding types include: floating-point, u-law, ADPCM, signed
linear, FLAC, etc.
-.TP 10
+.TP
channels
The number of audio channels contained in the file. One (`mono') and two
(`stereo') are widely used.
-.P
+.PP
The term `bit-rate' is sometimes used as an overall measure of an audio
format and may incorporate elements of all of the above.
-.P
+
Most `self-describing' file formats also allow textual `comments' to be
embedded in the file that can be used to describe the audio in some way,
e.g. for music, the title, the author, etc.
-.P
+
.\" FIXME rework needed
-By default, \fISoX\fR attempts to write audio data using the same data type,
+By default, SoX attempts to write audio data using the same data type,
sample rate, and channel count as the input data. If that is not what
is wanted, then format options can be used to specify the differences.
-.PP
+
If an output file format does not support the same data type, sample
rate, or channel count as the input file format, then unless overridden
-on the command line, \fISoX\fR will automatically select the closest values
+on the command line, SoX will automatically select the closest values
that the format does support.
-.P
-.I SoX
-uses the following method to determine the type of audio to use for
+
+SoX uses the following method to determine the type of audio to use for
each input file and the output file:
If a type has been given (with
-.B -n
-or \fB-t\fR), then the given type will be used,
+.B \-n
+or \fB\-t\fR), then the given type will be used,
otherwise,
-.I SoX
-will try first using the file header (input files only), and then
+SoX will try first using the file header (input files only), and then
the file-name extension to determine the file type.
If the file type cannot be determined, then
-.I SoX
-will exit with an error.
+SoX will exit with an error.
.\" FIXME ends
-.P
+
Translating an audio file from one format to another with
-.I SoX
-is `lossless'
+SoX is `lossless'
(i.e. translating back again would yield an exact copy of the original
audio data)
where it
@@ -131,10 +115,9 @@
E.g. translating from an 8-bit PCM format to a 16-bit PCM format is
lossless but translating from a 8-bit PCM format to (8-bit) A-law isn't.
When performing a lossy translation,
-.I SoX
-uses rounding to retain as much accuracy as possible in the
+SoX uses rounding to retain as much accuracy as possible in the
audio data.
-.P
+
\fBClipping\fR
.br
Clipping is distortion that occurs when an audio signal
@@ -142,7 +125,7 @@
It is nearly always undesirable and so should usually be corrected by
adjusting the audio volume prior to the point at which clipping occurs.
-In \fISoX\fR, clipping could occur, as you might expect, when using the
+In SoX, clipping could occur, as you might expect, when using the
.B vol
effect to increase the audio volume, but could also occur with many
other effects, when converting one format to another, and even when
@@ -156,23 +139,22 @@
For these reasons, it is usual to make sure that an audio
file's signal level does not exceed around 70% of the maximum (linear)
range available, as this will avoid the majority of clipping problems.
-\fISoX\fR's
+SoX's
.B stat
effect can assist in determining the signal level in an audio file; the
.B vol
effect can be used to prevent clipping e.g.
- sox tinny.au better.au vol -6 dB bass +6
+ sox tinny.au better.au vol \-6 dB bass +6
guarantees that the bass boost will not clip.
If clipping occurs at any point during processing, then
-.I SoX
-will display a warning message to that effect.
-.PP
+SoX will display a warning message to that effect.
+
\fBInput File Balancing\fR
.br
-When multiple input files are given, \fISoX\fR applies any specified
+When multiple input files are given, SoX applies any specified
effects (including, for example, volume adjustment) after the audio
has been combined. However, as with a traditional audio mixer, it is
useful to be able to set the volume of (i.e. `balance') the inputs
@@ -179,93 +161,80 @@
individually, before combining takes place.
If the selected combining method is `mix' then, to guarantee that
-clipping does not occur at the mixing stage, \fISoX\fR defaults to
+clipping does not occur at the mixing stage, SoX defaults to
adjusting the amplitude of each input signal by a factor of 1/n, where n
is the number of input files; if this results in audio that is perceived
to be too quiet, then the volume adjustments can be set manually
instead. For the other combining methods, the default behaviour is for no
input volume adjustments.
-.P
+
Manual input file volume adjustment is performed using the
-.B -v
+.B \-v
option (see below) which, as with format options, can be given for one
or more input files; if it is given for only some of the input files
then the others receive no volume adjustment (regardless of combining
method)
-.P
-The \fB-V\fR option (below) can be used to show the input file volume
+
+The \fB\-V\fR option (below) can be used to show the input file volume
adjustments that have been selected (either manually or automatically).
-.PP
+
\fBExamples\fR
.br
The command line syntax can seem complex, but in essence:
-.P
-.br
+
sox file.au file.wav
-.P
-.br
+
translates an audio file in SUN Sparc .AU format
into a Microsoft .WAV file, while
-.P
-.br
- sox file.au -r 12000 -1 file.wav vol 0.5 dither
-.P
-.br
+
+ sox file.au \-r 12000 \-1 file.wav vol 0.5 dither
+
does the same format translation but also
changes the sampling rate to 12000 Hz,
the sample size to 1 byte (8 bits),
and applies the \fBvol\fR and \fBdither\fR effects
to the audio.
-.P
-.br
+
sox short.au long.au longer.au
-.P
-.br
+
concatenates two audio files to produce a single file, whilst
-.P
-.br
- sox -m music.mp3 voice.wav mixed.flac
-.P
-.br
+
+ sox \-m music.mp3 voice.wav mixed.flac
+
mixes together two audio files.
-.P
-See the
+
+See also the
.B soxexam(1)
manual page for a more detailed description of
-.I SoX
-and further examples on how to use
-.I SoX
-with various file formats and effects.
-.PP
+SoX and further examples on how to use
+SoX with various file formats and effects.
.SH OPTIONS
\fBSpecial File-name Options\fR
.br
Each of these options is used in special circumstances in place of a normal
file-name on the command line.
-.TP 10
-\fB-\fR
-\fISoX\fR can be used in pipeline operations by using the special
-file-name `-' which,
+.TP
+\fB\-\fR
+SoX can be used in pipeline operations by using the special
+file-name `\-' which,
if used in place of input file-name, will cause
-.I SoX
-will read audio data from stdin,
+SoX will read audio data from stdin,
and which,
if used in place of output file-name, will cause
-.I SoX
-will send audio data to stdout.
-Note that when using this option,
-.B -t
-must also be given.
-.TP 10
-\fB-n\fR
+SoX will send audio data to stdout.
+Note that when using this option, the file-type (see
+.B \-t
+below) must also be given.
+.TP
+\fB\-n\fR
This can be used in place of an input or output file-name
to specify that the `null' file type should be used. See
.B null
below for further information.
-.TP 10
-\fB-e\fR
+.TP
+\fB\-e\fR
This is just an alias of
-.B -n
+.B \-n
but is left here for historical reasons.
.PP
\fBGlobal Options\fR
@@ -272,18 +241,18 @@
.br
These options can be specified on the command line at any point
before the first effect name.
-.TP 10
+.TP
\fB\fB\-\-force\fR
-Force \fISoX\fR to overwrite an existing file with the same name as that
+Force SoX to overwrite an existing file with the same name as that
given for the output file without first prompting to do so.
-.TP 10
+.TP
\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
Show version number and usage information.
-.TP 10
-\fB--help-effect=name\fR
+.TP
+\fB\-\-help\-effect=name\fR
Show usage information on the specified effect. The name
`all' can be used to show usage on all effects.
-.TP 10
+.TP
\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-mix\fR
Set the input file combining method to `mix'.
Two or more input files must be given,
@@ -291,7 +260,7 @@
to form the output file.
See also \fBInput File Balancing\fR above.
-.TP 10
+.TP
\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-merge\fR
Set the input file combining method to `merge'.
Two or more input files must be given,
@@ -301,36 +270,34 @@
This can be used for example to merge two mono files into one
stereo file; the first and second mono files become
the left and right channels of the stereo file.
-.TP 10
-\fB-o\fR
+.TP
+\fB\-o\fR
Run in a mode that can be used, in conjunction with the GNU
Octave program, to assist with the selection and configuration
of many of the filtering effects. For the first given effect
-that supports the \fB-o\fR option, \fISoX\fR will output Octave
+that supports the \fB\-o\fR option, SoX will output Octave
commands to plot the effect's transfer function, and then exit
without actually processing any audio. E.g.
- sox -o input-file -n highpass 1320 > plot.m
+ sox \-o input-file \-n highpass 1320 > plot.m
.br
octave plot.m
-.TP 10
-\fB-q\fR
-Run in quiet mode when \fISoX\fR wouldn't otherwise do so;
-this is the converse of the \fB-S\fR option.
.TP
-\fB-S\fR
+\fB\-q\fR
+Run in quiet mode when SoX wouldn't otherwise do so;
+this is the converse of the \fB\-S\fR option.
+.TP
+\fB\-S\fR
Display input file format/header information and input file(s)
processing progress in terms of elapsed/remaining time and percentage.
This option is enabled by default when using
-.I SoX
-to play or record audio.
-.TP 10
-\fB--version\fR
+SoX to play or record audio.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-version\fR
Show version number and exit.
.IP "\fB\-V[level]\fP"
Set verbosity.
-.I SoX
-prints messages to the console (stderr) according to the following
+SoX prints messages to the console (stderr) according to the following
verbosity levels:
.IP
.RS
@@ -339,34 +306,29 @@
if an error has occurred.
.IP 1
Only error messages are printed. These are generated if
-.I SoX
-cannot complete the requested commands.
+SoX cannot complete the requested commands.
.IP 2
Warning messages are also printed. These are generated if
-.I SoX
-can complete the requested commands,
+SoX can complete the requested commands,
but not exactly according to the requested command parameters,
or if clipping occurs.
.IP 3
Descriptions of
-.I SoX's
-processing phases are also printed.
+SoX's processing phases are also printed.
Useful for figuring out exactly how
-.I SoX
-is mangling your audio.
+SoX is mangling your audio.
.IP "4 and above"
Messages to help with debugging
-.I SoX
-are also printed.
+SoX are also printed.
.RE
.IP
-By default, the verbosity level is set to 2. Each occurrence of the \fB-V\fR
+By default, the verbosity level is set to 2. Each occurrence of the \fB\-V\fR
option increases the verbosity level by 1. Alternatively, the verbosity
level can be set to an absolute number by specifying it immediately after
the
-.B -V
+.B \-V
e.g.
-.B -V0
+.B \-V0
sets it to 0.
.IP
.PP
@@ -374,8 +336,8 @@
.br
These options apply to only input files and may only precede input
file-names on the command line.
-.TP 10
-\fB-v \fIvolume\fR
+.TP
+\fB\-v \fIvolume\fR
Adjust volume by a factor of \fIvolume\fR.
This is a linear (amplitude) adjustment, so a number less than 1
decreases the volume; greater than 1 increases it. If a negative number
@@ -382,7 +344,7 @@
is given, then in addition to the volume adjustment, the audio signal
will be inverted.
-See the \fBstat\fR effect for information on how to find
+See also the \fBstat\fR effect for information on how to find
the maximum volume of an audio file; this can be used to help select
suitable values for this option.
@@ -394,8 +356,8 @@
immediately precede on the command line; they are used mainly when
working with headerless file formats or when specifying a format
for the output file that is different to that of the input file.
-.TP 10
-\fB-c \fIchannels\fR
+.TP
+\fB\-c \fIchannels\fR
The number of audio channels in the audio file.
This may be 1, 2, or 4; for mono, stereo, or quad audio. To cause
the output file to have a different number of channels than the input
@@ -406,8 +368,8 @@
.B avg
effect is not specified on the
command line it will be invoked internally with default parameters.
-.TP 10
-\fB-r \fIrate\fR
+.TP
+\fB\-r \fIrate\fR
Gives the sample rate in Hz of the file. To cause the output file to have
a different sample rate than the input file, include this option as a part
of the output format options.
@@ -414,37 +376,35 @@
.br
If the input and output files have
different rates then a sample rate change effect must be run. Since
-.I SoX
-has
+SoX has
multiple rate changing effects, the user can specify which to use as an effect.
If no rate change effect is specified then a default one will be chosen.
-.TP 10
-\fB-t \fIfile-type\fR
+.TP
+\fB\-t \fIfile-type\fR
Gives the type of the audio file. This is useful when the
file extension is non-standard or when the type can not be determined by
looking at the header of the file.
The
-.B -t
+.B \-t
option can also be used to override the type implied by an input file-name
extension, but if overriding with a type that has a header,
-.I SoX
-will exit with an appropriate error message if such a header is not
+SoX will exit with an appropriate error message if such a header is not
actually present.
See \fBFILE TYPES\fR below for a list of supported file types.
-.TP 10
-\fB-x\fR
+.TP
+\fB\-x\fR
The audio data comes from a machine with the opposite word order
than yours and must
be swapped according to the word-size given above.
Only 16-bit, 24-bit, and 32-bit integer data may be swapped.
Machine-format floating-point data is not portable.
-.TP 10
-\fB-s/-u/-U/-A/-a/-i/-g/-f\fR
+.TP
+\fB\-s/\-u/\-U/\-A/\-a/\-i/\-g/\-f\fR
The audio data encoding is signed linear (2's complement),
unsigned linear, u-law (logarithmic), A-law (logarithmic),
-ADPCM, IMA_ADPCM, GSM, or Floating-point.
+ADPCM, IMA-ADPCM, GSM, or Floating-point.
U-law (actually shorthand for mu-law) and A-law are the U.S. and
international standards for logarithmic telephone audio compression.
@@ -452,10 +412,10 @@
and A-law has roughly the precision of 14-bit PCM audio.
A-law and u-law data is sometimes encoded using a reversed bit-ordering
-(i.e. MSB becomes LSB). Internally, \fISoX\fR understands how to work with
+(i.e. MSB becomes LSB). Internally, SoX understands how to work with
this encoding but there is currently no command line option to
specify it. If you need this support then you can use the pseudo
-file types of `.la' and `.lu' to inform \fISoX\fR of the encoding. See
+file types of `.la' and `.lu' to inform SoX of the encoding. See
supported file types for more information.
ADPCM is a form of audio compression that has a good
@@ -463,7 +423,7 @@
time. It is used for telephone audio compression and places were
full fidelity is not as important. When uncompressed it has roughly
the precision of 16-bit PCM audio. Popular version of ADPCM include
-G.726, MS ADPCM, and IMA ADPCM. The \fB-a\fR flag has different meanings
+G.726, MS ADPCM, and IMA ADPCM. The \fB\-a\fR flag has different meanings
in different file handlers. In \fB.wav\fR files it represents MS ADPCM
files, in all others it means G.726 ADPCM.
IMA ADPCM is a specific form of ADPCM compression, slightly simpler
@@ -473,15 +433,14 @@
GSM is currently used for the vast majority of the world's digital
wireless telephone calls. It utilises several audio
formats with different bit-rates and associated speech quality.
-.I SoX
-has support for GSM's original 13kbps `Full Rate' audio format.
+SoX has support for GSM's original 13kbps `Full Rate' audio format.
It is usually CPU intensive to work with GSM audio.
-.TP 10
-\fB-1/-2/-3/-4/-8\fR
+.TP
+\fB\-1/\-2/\-3/\-4/\-8\fR
The sample datum size is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 8 bytes; i.e 8, 16, 24, 32, or 64 bits.
-.TP 10
-\fB-b/-w/-l/-d\fR
-Aliases for -1/-2/-4/-8.
+.TP
+\fB\-b/\-w/\-l/\-d\fR
+Aliases for \-1/\-2/\-4/\-8.
Abbreviations of: byte, word, long word, double long (long long) word.
.PP
\fBOutput File Format Options\fR
@@ -488,16 +447,16 @@
.br
These options apply to only the output file and may only precede the output
file-name on the command line.
-.TP 10
-\fB--comment \fItext\fR
+.TP
+\fB\-\-comment \fItext\fR
Specify the comment text to store in the output file header (where
applicable).
-.TP 10
-\fB--comment-file \fIfile-name\fR
+.TP
+\fB\-\-comment\-file \fIfile-name\fR
Specify a file containing the comment text to store in the output
file header (where applicable).
-.TP 10
-\fB-C \fIcompression-factor\fR
+.TP
+\fB\-C \fIcompression-factor\fR
The compression factor for variably compressing output file formats. If
this option is not given, then a default compression factor will apply.
The compression factor is interpreted differently for different
@@ -506,11 +465,11 @@
.SH FILE TYPES
Note: a file type that can be determined
by file-name extension is listed with its name preceded by a dot.
-.PP
-.TP 10
+
+.TP
.B .8svx
Amiga 8SVX musical instrument description format.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B .aiff
AIFF files used on Apple IIc/IIgs and SGI.
Note: the AIFF format supports only one SSND chunk.
@@ -519,7 +478,7 @@
AIFF files are multimedia archives and
can have multiple audio and picture chunks.
You may need a separate archiver to work with them.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B .aifc
AIFF-C (not compressed, linear), defined in DAVIC 1.4 Part 9 Annex B.
This format is referred from ARIB STD-B24, which is specified for
@@ -526,20 +485,20 @@
Japanese data broadcasting. Any private chunks are not supported.
.br
Note: The infile is processed as .aiff currently.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B alsa
ALSA default device driver.
-This is a pseudo-file type and can be optionally compiled into \fISoX\fR. Run
-.B sox -h
+This is a pseudo-file type and can be optionally compiled into SoX. Run
+.B sox \-h
to see if you have support for this file type. When this driver is used
it allows you to open up the ALSA /dev/snd/pcmCxDxp file and configure it to
-use the same data format as passed in to \fISoX\fR.
+use the same data format as passed in to SoX.
It works for both playing and recording audio files. When playing audio
files it attempts to set up the ALSA driver to use the same format as the
input file. It is suggested to always override the output values to use
the highest quality format your ALSA system can handle. Example:
-.I sox infile -t alsa default
-.TP 10
+.B sox infile \-t alsa default
+.TP
.B .au
SUN Microsystems AU files.
There are apparently many types of .au files;
@@ -554,18 +513,17 @@
It is possible to override .au file header information
with the
-.B -r
+.B \-r
and
-.B -c
+.B \-c
options, in which case
-.I SoX
-will issue a warning to that effect.
-.TP 10
+SoX will issue a warning to that effect.
+.TP
.B .avr
Audio Visual Research.
The AVR format is produced by a number of commercial packages
on the Mac.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B .cdr
CD-R. CD-R files are used in mastering music on Compact Disks.
The audio data on a CD-R disk is a raw audio file
@@ -572,11 +530,11 @@
with a format of stereo 16-bit signed samples at a 44.1kHz sample
rate. There is a special blocking/padding oddity at the end
of the audio file, which is why it needs its own handler.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B .cvs
Continuously Variable Slope Delta modulation.
Used to compress speech audio for applications such as voice mail.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B .dat
Text Data files.
These files contain a textual representation of the
@@ -585,12 +543,12 @@
contain two numeric data items: the time since
the beginning of the first sample and the sample value.
Values are normalized so that the maximum and minimum
-are 1.00 and -1.00. This file format can be used to
+are 1.00 and \-1.00. This file format can be used to
create data files for external programs such as
-FFT analysers or graph routines. \fISoX\fR can also convert
+FFT analysers or graph routines. SoX can also convert
a file in this format back into one of the other file
formats.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B .flac
Free Lossless Audio Codec compressed audio
.br
@@ -599,42 +557,35 @@
meaning that audio is compressed in FLAC without any loss in
quality.
-.I SoX
-can decode native FLAC files (.flac) but not Ogg FLAC files (.ogg).
+SoX can decode native FLAC files (.flac) but not Ogg FLAC files (.ogg).
[But see
.B .ogg
below for information relating to support for Ogg
Vorbis files.]
-.I SoX
-has rudimentary support for writing FLAC files: it can encode to
+SoX has rudimentary support for writing FLAC files: it can encode to
native FLAC using compression levels 0 to 8. 8 is the default
compression level and gives the best (but slowest) compression;
0 gives the least (but fastest) compression. The compression
level can be selected using the
-.B -C
+.B \-C
option (see above) with a whole number from 0 to 8.
Note that Replay Gain information is not used by
-.I SoX
-if present in FLAC input files and is not generated by
-.I SoX
-for FLAC
-output files, however
-.I SoX
-will copy input file `comments' (which can be used to hold Replay Gain
+SoX if present in FLAC input files and is not generated by
+SoX for FLAC output files, however
+SoX will copy input file `comments' (which can be used to hold Replay Gain
information) to output files that support comments, so FLAC output files
may contain Replay Gain information if some was present in the input
file. In this case the Replay Gain information in the output file is
likely to be incorrect and so should be recalculated using a tool that
-supports this (not \fISoX\fR).
+supports this (not SoX).
FLAC support in
-.I SoX
-is optional and requires optional FLAC libraries. To
-see if there is support for FLAC run \fBsox -h\fR and look for
+SoX is optional and requires optional FLAC libraries. To
+see if there is support for FLAC run \fBsox \-h\fR and look for
it under the list of supported file formats as `flac'.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B .gsm
GSM 06.10 Lossy Speech Compression.
A lossy format for compressing speech which is used in the
@@ -645,11 +596,10 @@
It is rather CPU intensive.
.br
GSM in
-.I SoX
-is optional and requires access to an external GSM library. To see
-if there is support for GSM run \fBsox -h\fR
+SoX is optional and requires access to an external GSM library. To see
+if there is support for GSM run \fBsox \-h\fR
and look for it under the list of supported file formats.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B .hcom
Macintosh HCOM files.
These are (apparently) Mac FSSD files with some variant
@@ -658,7 +608,7 @@
handler apparently doesn't handle all the ones it should.
Mac users will need your usual arsenal of file converters
to deal with an HCOM file under Unix or DOS.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B .maud
An IFF-conforming audio file type, registered by
MS MacroSystem Computer GmbH, published along
@@ -665,7 +615,7 @@
with the `Toccata' sound-card on the Amiga.
Allows 8bit linear, 16bit linear, A-Law, u-law
in mono and stereo.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B .mp3
MP3 compressed audio. MP3 (MPEG Layer 3) is part of the
MPEG standards for audio and video compression. It is a lossy
@@ -675,13 +625,12 @@
for a similar format.
MP3 support in
-.I SoX
-is optional and requires access to either or both the external
+SoX is optional and requires access to either or both the external
libmad and libmp3lame libraries. To
-see if there is support for Mp3 run \fBsox -h\fR
+see if there is support for Mp3 run \fBsox \-h\fR
and look for it under the list of supported file formats as `mp3'.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B null
Null file type.
This is a special file type that can be used when normal
@@ -688,7 +637,7 @@
file reading or writing is not needed to use a particular effect.
It is selected by using the
special file-name
-.B -n
+.B \-n
in place of an input or output file-name.
Using this file type to input audio is equivalent to
@@ -708,13 +657,13 @@
One other use of the null file type is to use it in conjunction
with
-.B -V
+.B \-V
to display information from the audio file header
without having to read any further into the file. E.g.
-.B sox -V *.wav -n
+.B sox \-V *.wav \-n
will display header information for each `WAV' file in the current
directory.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B .ogg
Ogg Vorbis compressed audio.
Ogg Vorbis is a open, patent-free CODEC designed for compressing music
@@ -724,55 +673,53 @@
.B MP3
for a similar format.
-.I SoX
-can decode all types of Ogg Vorbis files, and can encode at different
-compression levels/qualities given as a number from -1 (highest
+SoX can decode all types of Ogg Vorbis files, and can encode at different
+compression levels/qualities given as a number from \-1 (highest
compression/lowest quality) to 10 (lowest compression, highest quality).
By default the encoding quality level is 3 (which gives an encoded rate
of approx. 112kbps), but this can be changed using the
-.B -C
-option (see above) with a number from -1 to 10; fractional numbers (e.g.
+.B \-C
+option (see above) with a number from \-1 to 10; fractional numbers (e.g.
3.6) are also allowed.
Decoding is somewhat CPU intensive and encoding is very CPU intensive.
Ogg Vorbis in
-.I SoX
-is optional and requires access to external Ogg Vorbis libraries. To
-see if there is support for Ogg Vorbis run \fBsox -h\fR
+SoX is optional and requires access to external Ogg Vorbis libraries. To
+see if there is support for Ogg Vorbis run \fBsox \-h\fR
and look for it under the list of supported file formats as `vorbis'.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B ossdsp
OSS /dev/dsp device driver.
-This is a pseudo-file type and can be optionally compiled into \fISoX\fR. Run
-.B sox -h
+This is a pseudo-file type and can be optionally compiled into SoX. Run
+.B sox \-h
to see if you have support for this file type. When this driver is used
it allows you to open up the OSS /dev/dsp file and configure it to
-use the same data format as passed in to \fISoX\fR.
+use the same data format as passed in to SoX.
It works for both playing and recording audio files. When playing audio
files it attempts to set up the OSS driver to use the same format as the
input file. It is suggested to always override the output values to use
the highest quality format your OSS system can handle. Example:
-.I sox infile -t ossdsp -w -s /dev/dsp
-.TP 10
+.B sox infile \-t ossdsp \-w \-s /dev/dsp
+.TP
.B .prc
Psion Record. Used in some Psion devices for System alarms and recordings made by the built-in Record application. This format is newer then
the .wve format that is used in some Psion devices.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B .sf
IRCAM Sound Files. Used by academic music software
such as the `CSound' package, and the `MixView sound sample editor'.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B .sph
SPHERE (SPeech HEader Resources) is a file format defined by NIST
(National Institute of Standards and Technology) and is used with
-speech audio. \fISoX\fR can read these files when they contain
+speech audio. SoX can read these files when they contain
u-law and PCM data. It will ignore any header information that
says the data is compressed using \fIshorten\fR compression and
-will treat the data as either u-law or PCM. This will allow \fISoX\fR
+will treat the data as either u-law or PCM. This will allow SoX
and the command line \fIshorten\fR program to be run together using
-pipes to encompasses the data and then pass the result to \fISoX\fR for processing.
-.TP 10
+pipes to encompasses the data and then pass the result to SoX for processing.
+.TP
.B .smp
Turtle Beach SampleVision files.
SMP files are for use with the PC-DOS package SampleVision by Turtle Beach
@@ -779,32 +726,31 @@
Softworks. This package is for communication to several MIDI samplers. All
sample rates are supported by the package, although not all are supported by
the samplers themselves. Currently loop points are ignored.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B .snd
Under DOS this file format is the same as the \fB.sndt\fR format. Under all
other platforms it is the same as the \fB.au\fR format.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B .sndt
SoundTool files.
This is an older DOS file format.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B sunau
Sun /dev/audio device driver.
-This is a pseudo-file type and can be optionally compiled into \fISoX\fR. Run
-.B sox -h
+This is a pseudo-file type and can be optionally compiled into SoX. Run
+.B sox \-h
to see if you have support for this file type. When this driver is used
it allows you to open up a Sun /dev/audio file and configure it to
-use the same data type as passed in to
-.I SoX.
+use the same data type as passed in to SoX.
It works for both playing and recording audio files. When playing audio
files it attempts to set up the audio driver to use the same format as the
input file. It is suggested to always override the output values to use
the highest quality format your hardware can handle. Example:
-.I sox infile -t sunau -w -s /dev/audio
+.B sox infile \-t sunau \-w \-s /dev/audio
or
-.I sox infile -t sunau -U -c 1 /dev/audio
+.B sox infile \-t sunau \-U \-c 1 /dev/audio
for older sun equipment.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B .txw
Yamaha TX-16W sampler.
A file format from a Yamaha sampling keyboard which wrote IBM-PC
@@ -812,11 +758,11 @@
the sample rate field set to one of the expected by looking at some
other bytes in the attack/loop length fields, and defaulting to
33kHz if the sample rate is still unknown.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B .vms
.\" More info to come.
Used to compress speech audio for applications such as voice mail.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B .voc
Sound Blaster VOC files.
VOC files are multi-part and contain silence parts, looping, and
@@ -827,16 +773,16 @@
On output, silence is not detected, nor are impossible sample rates.
Note, this version now supports playing VOC files with multiple
blocks and supports playing files containing u-law and A-law samples.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B vorbis
See
.B .ogg
format.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B .vox
A headerless file of Dialogic/OKI ADPCM audio data commonly comes with the
extension .vox. This ADPCM data has 12-bit precision packed into only 4-bits.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B .wav
Microsoft .WAV RIFF files.
This is the native audio file format of Windows, and widely used for uncompressed audio.
@@ -849,16 +795,16 @@
options will cause a format conversion, and the \fB.wav\fR
will written appropriately.
-\fISoX\fR currently can read PCM, ULAW, ALAW, MS ADPCM, and IMA (or DVI) ADPCM.
+SoX currently can read PCM, ULAW, ALAW, MS ADPCM, and IMA (or DVI) ADPCM.
It can write all of these formats including the ADPCM encoding.
Big endian versions of RIFF files, called RIFX, can also be read
and written. To write a RIFX file, use the
-.B -x
+.B \-x
option with the output file options.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B .wve
Psion 8-bit A-law. Used on older Psion PDAs.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B .xa
Maxis XA files
.br
@@ -865,7 +811,7 @@
These are 16-bit ADPCM audio files used by Maxis games. Writing .xa files is
currently not supported, although adding write support should not be very
difficult.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B .raw
Raw files (no header).
The sample rate, size (byte, word, etc),
@@ -872,7 +818,7 @@
and encoding (signed, unsigned, etc.)
of the audio file must be given.
The number of channels defaults to 1.
-.TP 10
+.TP
.B ".ub, .sb, .uw, .sw, .ul, .al, .lu, .la, .sl"
These are several suffices which serve as
a shorthand for raw files with a given size and encoding.
@@ -890,8 +836,12 @@
.SH EFFECTS
Multiple effects may be applied to the audio by specifying them
one after another at the end of the command line.
-.TP 10
-avg [ \fI-l\fR | \fI-r\fR | \fI-f\fR | \fI-b\fR | \fI-1\fR | \fI-2\fR | \fI-3\fR | \fI-4\fR | \fIn,n,...,n\fR ]
+
+Optionality is denoted by brackets [ ];
+multiplicity is denoted by braces { } or an ellipsis ...;+alternatives are indicated with a vertical bar |.
+.TP
+avg [ \fI\-l\fR | \fI\-r\fR | \fI\-f\fR | \fI\-b\fR | \fI\-1\fR | \fI\-2\fR | \fI\-3\fR | \fI\-4\fR | \fIn,n,...,n\fR ]
Reduce the number of channels by averaging the samples,
or duplicate channels to increase the number of channels.
This effect is automatically used when the number of input
@@ -898,11 +848,11 @@
channels differ from the number of output channels. When reducing
the number of channels it is possible to manually specify the
.B avg
-effect and use the \fI-l\fR, \fI-r\fR, \fI-f\fR, \fI-b\fR,
-\fI-1\fR, \fI-2\fR, \fI-3\fR, \fI-4\fR, options to select only
+effect and use the \fI\-l\fR, \fI\-r\fR, \fI\-f\fR, \fI\-b\fR,
+\fI\-1\fR, \fI\-2\fR, \fI\-3\fR, \fI\-4\fR, options to select only
the left, right, front, back channel(s) or specific channel
for the output instead of averaging the channels.
-The \fI-l\fR, and \fI-r\fR options will do averaging
+The \fI\-l\fR, and \fI\-r\fR options will do averaging
in quad-channel files so select the exact channel to prevent this.
The
@@ -910,11 +860,11 @@
effect can also be invoked with up to 16 double-precision
numbers, separated by commas, which specify the proportion (0.0 = 0% and 1.0 = 100%)
of each input channel that is to be mixed into each output channel.
-In two-channel mode, 4 numbers are given: l->l, l->r, r->l, and r->r,
+In two-channel mode, 4 numbers are given: l\[->]l, l\[->]r, r\[->]l, and r\[->]r,
respectively.
In four-channel mode, the first 4 numbers give the proportions for the
-left-front output channel, as follows: lf->lf, rf->lf, lb->lf, and
-rb->rf.
+left-front output channel, as follows: lf\[->]lf, rf\[->]lf, lb\[->]lf, and
+rb\[->]rf.
The next 4 give the right-front output in the same order, then
left-back and right-back.
@@ -923,27 +873,21 @@
Finally, certain reduced combination of numbers can be specified
for certain input/output channel combinations.
+.TS
+center box ;
+cB cB cB lB
+c c c l .
+In Ch Out Ch Num Mappings
+2 1 2 l\[->]l, r\[->]l
+2 2 1 adjust balance
+4 1 4 lf\[->]l, rf\[->]l, lb\[->]l, rb\[->]l
+4 2 2 lf\[->]l&rf\[->]r, lb\[->]l&rb\[->]r
+4 4 1 adjust balance
+4 4 2 front balance, back balance
+.TE
-
-In Ch Out Ch Num Mappings
-.br
-_____ ______ ___ _____________________________
-.b4
- 2 1 2 l->l, r->l
-.br
- 2 2 1 adjust balance
-.br
- 4 1 4 lf->l, rf->l, lb->l, rb-l
-.br
- 4 2 2 lf->l&rf->r, lb->l&rb->r
-.br
- 4 4 1 adjust balance
-.br
- 4 4 2 front balance, back balance
-.br
-
-.TP 10
-band \fB[ \fI-n \fB] \fIcenter \fB[ \fIwidth\fB ]
+.TP
+band [ \fI\-n \fR] \fIcenter \fR[ \fIwidth\fR ]
Apply a band-pass filter.
The frequency response drops logarithmically
around the
@@ -955,17 +899,17 @@
The frequencies at
.I "center + width"
and
-.I "center - width"
+.I "center \- width"
will be half of their original amplitudes.
.B Band
defaults to a mode oriented to pitched audio,
i.e. voice, singing, or instrumental music.
The
-.I -n
+.I \-n
(for noise) option uses the alternate mode
for un-pitched audio e.g. percussion.
.B Warning:
-.I -n
+.I \-n
introduces a power-gain of about 11dB in the filter, so beware
of output clipping.
.B Band
@@ -974,10 +918,10 @@
.I center
frequency and settling around it.
-This effect supports the \fB-o\fR option (see above).
+This effect supports the \fB\-o\fR option (see above).
-See \fBfilter\fR for a bandpass filter with steeper shoulders.
-.TP 10
+See also \fBfilter\fR for a bandpass filter with steeper shoulders.
+.TP
bandpass|bandreject \fIfrequency bandwidth\fR
Apply a two-pole Butterworth band-pass or band-reject filter with
central frequency (in Hz) \fIfrequency\fR,
@@ -985,13 +929,12 @@
\fIbandwidth\fR.
The filter rolls off at 6dB per octave (20dB per decade).
-These effects support the \fB-o\fR option (see above).
-.TP 10
+These effects support the \fB\-o\fR option (see above).
+.TP
bandreject \fIfrequency bandwidth\fR
Apply a band-reject filter.
-
See the description of the \fBbandpass\fR effect for details.
-.TP 10
+.TP
bass|treble \fIgain\fR [\fIfrequency\fR] [\fIslope\fR]
Boost or cut the bass (lower) or treble (upper) frequencies of the audio
using a two-pole shelving filter with a response similar to that
@@ -1000,7 +943,7 @@
\fIgain\fR gives the dB gain at 0Hz (for \fIbass\fR), or whichever is
the lower of ~22kHz and the Nyquist frequency (for \fItreble\fR). Its
-useful range is about -20.0 (for a large cut) to +20.0 (for a large
+useful range is about \-20.0 (for a large cut) to +20.0 (for a large
boost).
Beware of
.B Clipping
@@ -1019,25 +962,23 @@
about 0.3 (for a gentle slope) to 1 (for a steep slope). The
default value is 0.5.
-These effects support the \fB-o\fR option (see above).
+These effects support the \fB\-o\fR option (see above).
-See \fBequalizer\fR for a peaking equalisation effect.
+See also \fBequalizer\fR for a peaking equalisation effect.
.TP
-chorus \fIgain-in gain-out delay decay speed depth
-.TP 10
- -s \fR| \fI-t [ \fIdelay decay speed depth -s \fR| \fI-t ... \fR]
+chorus \fIgain-in gain-out\fR { \fIdelay decay speed depth \-s\fR|\fI\-t\fR }Add a chorus effect to the audio. Each four-tuple
delay/decay/speed/depth gives the delay in milliseconds
and the decay (relative to gain-in) with a modulation
speed in Hz using depth in milliseconds.
-The modulation is either sinusoidal (-s) or triangular
-(-t). Gain-out is the volume of the output.
+The modulation is either sinusoidal (\-s) or triangular
+(\-t). Gain-out is the volume of the output.
.TP
compand \fIattack1,decay1\fR[,\fIattack2,decay2\fR...]
-.TP
- \fIin-dB1,out-dB1\fR[,\fIin-dB2,out-dB2\fR...]
-.TP 10
- [\fIgain\fR [\fIinitial-volume\fR [\fIdelay\fR ] ] ]
+\fIin-dB1,out-dB1\fR[,\fIin-dB2,out-dB2\fR...]
+.br
+[\fIgain\fR [\fIinitial-volume\fR [\fIdelay\fR ] ] ]
+
Compand (compress or expand) the dynamic range of the audio. The
attack and decay time specify the integration time over which the
absolute value of the input signal is integrated to determine its
@@ -1048,9 +989,9 @@
a list of points on the compander's transfer function specified in dB
relative to the maximum possible signal amplitude. The input values
must be in a strictly increasing order but the transfer function does
-not have to be monotonically rising. The special value \fI-inf\fR may
+not have to be monotonically rising. The special value \fI\-inf\fR may
be used to indicate that the input volume should be associated output
-volume. The points \fI-inf,-inf\fR and \fI0,0\fR are assumed; the
+volume. The points \fI\-inf,\-inf\fR and \fI0,0\fR are assumed; the
latter may be overridden, but the former may not.
The third
@@ -1069,7 +1010,7 @@
Specifying a delay approximately equal to the attack/decay times
allows the compander to effectively operate in a `predictive' rather than a
reactive mode.
-.TP 10
+.TP
dcshift \fIshift\fR [ \fIlimitergain\fR ]
DC Shift the audio, with basic linear amplitude formula.
This is most useful if your audio tends to not be centered around
@@ -1080,7 +1021,7 @@
indicates the amount to shift.
An option limitergain value can be specified as well. It should have a value much less then 1.0 and is used only on peaks to prevent clipping.
-.TP 10
+.TP
deemph
Apply a treble attenuation shelving filter to audio in
audio-CD format. The frequency response of pre-emphasized
@@ -1087,9 +1028,9 @@
recordings is rectified. The filtering is defined in the
standard document ISO 908.
-This effect supports the \fB-o\fR option (see above).
+This effect supports the \fB\-o\fR option (see above).
-.TP 10
+.TP
dither [\fIdepth\fR]
Apply dithering to the audio.
Dithering deliberately adds digital white noise to the signal
@@ -1101,7 +1042,7 @@
This effect should not be followed by any other effect that
affects the audio.
-.TP 10
+.TP
earwax
Makes audio easier to listen to on headphones.
Adds `cues' to audio in audio-CD format so that
@@ -1111,19 +1052,19 @@
listener (standard for speakers). See
http://www.geocities.com/beinges
for a full explanation.
-.TP 10
+.TP
echo \fIgain-in gain-out delay decay \fR[ \fIdelay decay ... \fR]
Add echoing to the audio.
Each delay/decay part gives the delay in milliseconds
and the decay (relative to gain-in) of that echo.
Gain-out is the volume of the output.
-.TP 10
+.TP
echos \fIgain-in gain-out delay decay \fR[ \fIdelay decay ... \fR]
Add a sequence of echos to the audio.
Each delay/decay part gives the delay in milliseconds
and the decay (relative to gain-in) of that echo.
Gain-out is the volume of the output.
-.TP 10
+.TP
equalizer \fIcentral\-frequency\fR \fIQ\fR \fIgain\fR
Apply a two-pole peaking equalisation (EQ) filter.
This allows modification (\fIgain\fR) of the signal level at and
@@ -1141,10 +1082,10 @@
In order to produce complex equalisation curves, this effect
can be given several times, each with a different central frequency.
-This effect supports the \fB-o\fR option (see above).
+This effect supports the \fB\-o\fR option (see above).
-See \fBbass\fR and \fBtreble\fR for shelving equalisation effects.
-.TP 10
+See also \fBbass\fR and \fBtreble\fR for shelving equalisation effects.
+.TP
fade [ \fItype\fR ] \fIfade-in-length\fR [ \fIstop-time\fR [ \fIfade-out-length\fR ] ]
Add a fade effect to the beginning, end, or both of the audio.
@@ -1158,12 +1099,12 @@
All times can be specified in either periods of time or sample counts.
To specify time periods use the format hh:mm:ss.frac format. To specify
-using sample counts, specify the number of samples and append the letter 's'
+using sample counts, specify the number of samples and append the letter `s'
to the sample count (for example 8000s).
An optional \fItype\fR can be specified to change the type of envelope. Choices are q for quarter of a sine wave, h for half a sine wave, t for linear slope, l for logarithmic, and p for inverted parabola. The default is a linear slope.
-.TP 10
-filter [ \fIlow\fR ]-[ \fIhigh\fR ] [ \fIwindow-len\fR [ \fIbeta\fR ] ]
+.TP
+filter [ \fIlow\fR ]\-[ \fIhigh\fR ] [ \fIwindow-len\fR [ \fIbeta\fR ] ]
Apply a Sinc-windowed lowpass, highpass, or bandpass filter of given
window length to the signal.
\fIlow\fR refers to the frequency of the lower 6dB corner of the filter.
@@ -1180,82 +1121,78 @@
You can select a Nuttall window by specifying anything <= 2.0 here.
For more discussion of beta, look under the \fBresample\fR effect.
-.TP 10
+.TP
flanger [\fIdelay depth regen width speed shape phase interp\fR]
Apply a flanging effect to the audio.
All parameters are optional (right to left).
-
-PARAM RANGE DEFAULT DESCRIPTION
-.RS
-.TP 21
-\fIdelay\fR 0 10 0
-Base delay in milliseconds.
-.TP 21
-\fIdepth\fR 0 10 2
-Added swept delay in milliseconds.
-.TP 21
-\fIregen\fR -95 +95 0
+.TS
+center box;
+cB cB cB lB
+cI c c l.
+Param Range Default Description
+delay 0 \- 10 0 Base delay in milliseconds.
+depth 0 \- 10 2 Added swept delay in milliseconds.
+regen \-95 \- +95 0 T{+.na
Percentage regeneration (delayed signal feedback).
-.TP 21
-\fIwidth\fR 0 100 71
+T}
+width 0 \- 100 71 T{+.na
Percentage of delayed signal mixed with original.
-.TP 21
-\fIspeed\fR 0.1 10 0.5
-Sweeps per second (Hz).
-.TP 21
-\fIshape\fR -- sin
-Swept wave shape: sine | triangle.
-.TP 21
-\fIphase\fR 0 100 25
-Swept wave percentage phase-shift for multi-channel
-(e.g. stereo) flange; 0 = 100 = same phase on each channel.
-.TP 21
-\fIinterp\fR -- lin
+T}
+speed 0.1 \- 10 0.5 Sweeps per second (Hz).
+shape \ sin Swept wave shape: sine | triangle.
+phase 0 \- 100 25 T{+.na
+Swept wave percentage phase-shift for multi-channel (e.g. stereo) flange;
+0 = 100 = same phase on each channel.
+T}
+interp \ lin T{+.na
Digital delay-line interpolation: linear | quadratic.
-.RE
-.TP 10
+T}
+.TE
+
+.TP
highp|lowp \fIfrequency\fR
Apply a single-pole recursive high-pass or low-pass filter with
3dB point \fIfrequency\fR.
The filters roll off at 6dB per octave (20dB per decade).
-These effects support the \fB-o\fR option (see above).
+These effects support the \fB\-o\fR option (see above).
-See \fBfilter\fR for filters with a sharper cutoff.
-.TP 10
+See also \fBfilter\fR for filters with a sharper cutoff.
+.TP
highpass|lowpass \fIfrequency\fR
Apply a two-pole Butterworth high-pass or low-pass filter with
3dB point \fIfrequency\fR.
The filters roll off at 12dB per octave (40dB per decade).
-These effects support the \fB-o\fR option (see above).
-.TP 10
+These effects support the \fB\-o\fR option (see above).
+.TP
lowp \fIfrequency\fR
Apply a low-pass filter.
-
See the description of the \fBhighp\fR effect for details.
-.TP 10
-lowpass \fIfrequency\fB
+.TP
+lowpass \fIfrequency\fR
Apply a low-pass filter.
-
See the description of the \fBhighpass\fR effect for details.
-.TP 10
+.TP
mask [\fIdepth\fR]
This effect is just an alias of the \fBdither\fR effect but is left
here for historical reasons.
.TP
mcompand "\fIattack1,decay1\fR[,\fIattack2,decay2\fR...]
-.TP
- \fIin-dB1,out-dB1\fR[,\fIin-dB2,out-dB2\fR...]
-.TP 10
- [\fIgain\fR [\fIinitial-volume\fR [\fIdelay\fR ] ] ]" \fIxover_freq\fR
+\fIin-dB1,out-dB1\fR[,\fIin-dB2,out-dB2\fR...]
+.br
+[\fIgain\fR [\fIinitial-volume\fR [\fIdelay\fR ] ] ]" \fIxover-freq\fR
Multi-band compander is similar to the single band compander but
the audio is first divided up into bands and then the compander
-is run on each band. See the \fBcompand\fR effect for the definition of its options. Compand options are specified between double quotes and the crossover frequency for that band is specified separately with \fIxover_fre\fR. This can be repeated multiple times to create multiple bands.
+is run on each band. See the \fBcompand\fR effect for the definition of its options. Compand options are specified between double quotes and the crossover frequency for that band is specified separately with \fIxover-fre\fR. This can be repeated multiple times to create multiple bands.
.TP
noiseprof [\fIprofile-file\fR]
-.TP 10
+.TP
noisered \fIprofile-file\fR [\fIthreshold\fR]
Noise reduction filter with profiling. This filter is moderately effective at
removing consistent background noise such as hiss or hum. To use it, first run
@@ -1267,8 +1204,7 @@
stderr.
To actually remove the noise, run
-.I SoX
-again with the \fInoisered\fR filter. The
+SoX again with the \fInoisered\fR filter. The
filter needs one argument, \fIprofile-file\fR, which contains the noise profile
from noiseprof. \fIthreshold\fR specifies how much noise should be removed, and
may be between 0 and 1 with a default of 0.5. Higher values will remove more
@@ -1275,8 +1211,8 @@
noise but present a greater possibility of distorting the desired audio signal.
Experiment with different threshold values to find the optimal one for your
sample.
-.TP 10
-pad {\fIlength\fR[\fI@position\fR]}+.TP
+pad { \fIlength\fR[\fI@position\fR] }Pad the audio with silence, at the beginning, the end, or any
specified points through the audio.
Both
@@ -1294,18 +1230,14 @@
is optional for the first and last lengths specified and
if omitted correspond to the beginning and the end of the audio respectively.
For example:
-
- pad 1.5 1.5
-
+.B pad 1.5 1.5
adds 1.5 seconds of silence padding at each end of the audio, whilst
-
- pad 4000s@3:00
-
+.B pad 4000s@3:00
inserts 4000 samples of silence 3 minutes into the audio.
If silence is wanted only at the end of the audio, specify either the end
position or specify a zero-length pad at the start.
-.TP 10
-pan \fIdirection\fB
+.TP
+pan \fIdirection\fR
Pan the audio from one channel to another. This is done by
changing the volume of the input channels so that it fades out on one
channel and fades-in on another. If the number of input channels is
@@ -1314,26 +1246,26 @@
and the output contains 2 channels, then it will create the missing channel
itself. The
.I direction
-is a value from -1.0 to 1.0. -1.0 represents
+is a value from \-1.0 to 1.0. \-1.0 represents
far left and 1.0 represents far right. Numbers in between will start the
pan effect without totally muting the opposite channel.
-.TP 10
-phaser \fIgain-in gain-out delay decay speed\fR < -s | -t >
+.TP
+phaser \fIgain-in gain-out delay decay speed\fR < \-s | \-t >
Add a phasing effect to the audio. Each triple
delay/decay/speed gives the delay in milliseconds
and the decay (relative to gain-in) with a modulation
speed in Hz.
-The modulation is either sinusoidal (-s) or triangular
-(-t). The decay should be less than 0.5 to avoid
+The modulation is either sinusoidal (\-s) or triangular
+(\-t). The decay should be less than 0.5 to avoid
feedback. Gain-out is the volume of the output.
-.TP 10
-pick [ \fI-1\fR | \fI-2\fR | \fI-3\fR | \fI-4\fR | \fI-l\fR | \fI-r\fR | \fI-f\fR | \fI-b\fR ]
+.TP
+pick [ \fI\-1\fR | \fI\-2\fR | \fI\-3\fR | \fI\-4\fR | \fI\-l\fR | \fI\-r\fR | \fI\-f\fR | \fI\-b\fR ]
Pick a subset of channels to be copied into the output file. This effect is just an alias of the
.B avg
effect
but is left here for historical reasons.
-.TP 10
-pitch \fIshift [ width interpolate fade ]\fB
+.TP
+pitch \fIshift [ width interpolate fade ]\fR
Change the pitch of file without affecting its duration by cross-fading
shifted samples.
.I shift
@@ -1348,21 +1280,14 @@
option, can be `cos', `hamming', `linear' or `trapezoid'.
Default is `cos'.
.TP
-polyphase [ \fI-w \fR< \fInut\fR / \fIham\fR > ]
-.TP
- [ \fI -width \fR< \fI long \fR / \fIshort \fR / \fI# \fR> ]
-.TP 10
- [ \fI-cutoff # \fR ]
-Translate input sampling rate to output sampling rate via polyphase
-interpolation, a DSP algorithm. This method is relatively slow and memory intensive.
+polyphase [ \fI\-w nut\fR|\fIham\fR ] [ \fI\-width long\fR|\fIshort\fR|\fI#\fR ] [ \fI\-cutoff #\fR ]
+Change the sampling rate using `polyphase interpolation', a DSP algorithm.
+This method is relatively slow and memory intensive.
-.br
--w < nut / ham > : select either a Nuttall (~90 dB stop-band) or Hamming
-(~43 dB stop-band) window. Default is
-.I nut.
+\fI\-w nut\fR|\fIham\fR selects either a Nuttall (~90 dB stop-band) or Hamming
+(~43 dB stop-band) window. The default is Nutall.
-.br
--width long / short / # : specify the (approximate) width of the filter.
+\fI\-width long\fR|\fIshort\fR|\fI#\fR specifies the (approximate) width of the filter.
.I long
is 1024 samples;
.I short
@@ -1370,12 +1295,9 @@
.I long.
The
.I short
-option is
-.B not
-recommended, as it produces poor quality results.
+option is not recommended, as it produces poor quality results.
-.br
--cutoff # : specify the filter cutoff frequency in terms of fraction of
+\fI\-cutoff #\fR specifies the filter cutoff frequency in terms of fraction of
frequency bandwidth, also know as the Nyquist frequency. See
the \fBresample\fR effect for
further information on Nyquist frequency. If up-sampling, then this is the
@@ -1384,28 +1306,33 @@
signal left after down-sampling. Default is 0.95. Note that
this is a floating point number.
-.TP 10
-rabbit [ \fI-c0\fR | \fI-c1\fR | \fI-c2\fR | \fI-c3\fR | \fI-c4\fR ]
+See also
+.B rabbit
+and
+.B resample
+for other sample-rate changing effects.
+.TP
+rabbit [ \fI\-c0\fR | \fI\-c1\fR | \fI\-c2\fR | \fI\-c3\fR | \fI\-c4\fR ]
Resample using libsamplerate, aka Secret Rabbit Code. This effect is
-optional and must have been selected at compile time of \fISoX\fR. See
+optional and must have been selected at compile time of SoX. See
http://www.mega-nerd.com/SRC/ for details of the algorithm. Algorithms
0 through 2 are progressively faster and lower quality versions of the
-sinc algorithm; the default is \fI-c0\fR, which is probably the best
-quality algorithm for general use currently available in \fISoX\fR.
+sinc algorithm; the default is \fI\-c0\fR, which is probably the best
+quality algorithm for general use currently available in SoX.
Algorithm 3 is zero-order hold, and 4 is linear interpolation. See the
\fBresample\fR effect for more discussion of resampling.
-.TP 10
+.TP
rate
Does the same as \fBresample\fR with no arguments; it exists for
backwards compatibility.
-.TP 10
+.TP
repeat \fIcount\fR
Repeat the entire audio \fIcount\fR times. Requires disk space to store the data to be repeated.
-.TP 10
-resample [ \fI-qs\fR | \fI-q\fR | \fI-ql\fR ] [ \fIrolloff\fR [ \fIbeta\fR ] ]
-Translate input sampling rate to output sampling rate via simulated
+.TP
+resample [ \fI\-qs\fR | \fI\-q\fR | \fI\-ql\fR ] [ \fIrolloff\fR [ \fIbeta\fR ] ]
+Change the sampling rate using simulated
analog filtration. Other rate changing effects available are
\fBpolyphase\fR and \fBrabbit\fR. There is a detailed analysis of
\fBresample\fR and \fBpolyphase\fR at
@@ -1418,32 +1345,29 @@
in the case that you want to have roll-off greater than about 0.80 of
the Nyquist frequency.
-The \fI-q*\fR options will change the default values for roll-off and beta
+The \fI\-q*\fR options will change the default values for roll-off and beta
as well as use quadratic interpolation of filter
coefficients, resulting in about 24 bits precision.
-The \fI-qs\fR, \fI-q\fR, or \fI-ql\fR options specify increased accuracy
+The \fI\-qs\fR, \fI\-q\fR, or \fI\-ql\fR options specify increased accuracy
at the cost of lower execution speed. It is optional to specify
-roll-off and beta parameters when using the \fI-q*\fR options.
+roll-off and beta parameters when using the \fI\-q*\fR options.
Following is a table of the reasonable defaults which are built-in to
-\fISoX\fR:
+SoX:
-.br
- \fBOption Window rolloff beta interpolation\fR
-.br
- \fB------ ------ ------- ---- -------------\fR
-.br
- (none) 45 0.80 16 linear
-.br
- -qs 45 0.80 16 quadratic
-.br
- -q 75 0.875 16 quadratic
-.br
- -ql 149 0.94 16 quadratic
-.br
- \fB------ ------ ------- ---- -------------\fR
+.TS
+center box;
+cB cB cB cB cB
+c c n c c
+cI c n c c.
+Option Window Roll-off Beta Interpolation
+(none) 45 0.80 16 linear
+\-qs 45 0.80 16 quadratic
+\-q 75 0.875 16 quadratic
+\-ql 149 0.94 16 quadratic
+.TE
-\fI-qs\fR, \fI-q\fR, or \fI-ql\fR use window lengths of 45, 75, or 149
+\fI\-qs\fR, \fI\-q\fR, or \fI\-ql\fR use window lengths of 45, 75, or 149
samples, respectively, at the lower sample-rate of the two files.
This means progressively sharper stop-band rejection, at proportionally
slower execution times.
@@ -1451,7 +1375,7 @@
\fIrolloff\fR refers to the cut-off frequency of the
low pass filter and is given in terms of the
Nyquist frequency for the lower sample rate. rolloff therefore should
-be something between 0.0 and 1.0, in practise 0.8-0.95. The defaults are
+be something between 0.0 and 1.0, in practise 0.8\-0.95. The defaults are
indicated above.
The \fINyquist frequency\fR is equal to (sample rate / 2). Logically,
@@ -1484,7 +1408,7 @@
faster transition from pass-band to stop-band, at the cost of noticeable artifacts.
A beta of 16 is the default, beta less than 10 is not recommended. If you want
a sharper cutoff, don't use low beta's, use a longer sample window.
-A Nuttall window is selected by specifying any 'beta' <= 2, and the
+A Nuttall window is selected by specifying any `beta' <= 2, and the
Nuttall window has somewhat steeper cutoff than the default Kaiser window.
You will probably not need to use the beta parameter at all, unless you are
just curious about comparing the effects of Nuttall vs. Kaiser windows.
@@ -1493,7 +1417,7 @@
Default parameters are, as indicated above, Kaiser window of length 45,
roll-off 0.80, beta 16, linear interpolation.
-\fBNOTE:\fR \fI-qs\fR is only slightly slower, but more accurate for
+\fBNOTE:\fR \fI\-qs\fR is only slightly slower, but more accurate for
16-bit or higher precision.
\fBNOTE:\fR In many cases of up-sampling, no interpolation is needed,
@@ -1500,13 +1424,11 @@
as exact filter coefficients can be computed in a reasonable amount of space.
To be precise, this is done when
-.br
- input_rate < output_rate
-.br
- &&
-.br
- output_rate/gcd(input_rate,output_rate) <= 511
-.TP 10
+.ce 3
+input-rate < output-rate
+&&
+output-rate / gcd(input-rate, output-rate) <= 511
+.TP
reverb \fIgain-out reverb-time delay \fR[ \fIdelay ... \fR]
Add reverberation to the audio. Each delay is given
in milliseconds and its feedback is depending on the
@@ -1514,27 +1436,27 @@
the range of half to quarter of reverb-time to get
a realistic reverberation. Gain-out is the volume of the
output.
-.TP 10
+.TP
reverse
Reverse the audio completely.
Included for finding Satanic subliminals.
-.TP 10
-silence \fIabove_periods\fR [ \fIduration threshold\fR[ \fId\fR | \fI%\fR ] [ \fIbelow_periods duration threshold\fR[ \fId\fR | \fI%\fR ]]
+.TP
+silence \fIabove-periods\fR [ \fIduration threshold\fR[ \fId\fR | \fI%\fR ] [ \fIbelow-periods duration threshold\fR[ \fId\fR | \fI%\fR ]]
Removes silence from the beginning, middle, or end of the audio. Silence is anything below a specified threshold.
-The \fIabove_periods\fR value is used to indicate if audio should be trimmed at
+The \fIabove-periods\fR value is used to indicate if audio should be trimmed at
the beginning of the audio. A value of zero indicates no silence
should be trimmed from the beginning. When specifying an non-zero
-\fIabove_periods\fR, it trims audio up until it finds non-silence.
+\fIabove-periods\fR, it trims audio up until it finds non-silence.
Normally, when trimming silence from
-beginning of audio the \fIabove_periods\fR will be 1 but it can be increased to
+beginning of audio the \fIabove-periods\fR will be 1 but it can be increased to
higher values to trim all audio up to a specific count of non-silence periods.
For example, if you had an audio file with two songs that each contained
-2 seconds of silence before the song, you could specify an \fIabove_period\fR
+2 seconds of silence before the song, you could specify an \fIabove-period\fR
of 2 to strip out both silence periods and the first song.
-When \fIabove_periods\fR is non-zero, you must also specify a \fIduration\fR and
+When \fIabove-periods\fR is non-zero, you must also specify a \fIduration\fR and
\fIthreshold\fR. \fIDuration\fR indications the amount of time that non-silence must be
detected before it stops trimming audio. By increasing the duration, burst of noise can be treated as silence and trimmed off.
@@ -1544,15 +1466,15 @@
for background noise.
When optionally trimming silence from the end of the audio, you specify
-a \fIbelow_periods\fR count. In this case, \fIbelow_period\fR means
+a \fIbelow-periods\fR count. In this case, \fIbelow-period\fR means
to remove all audio after silence is detected.
Normally, this will be a value 1 of but it can
be increased to skip over periods of silence that are wanted. For example,
if you have a song with 2 seconds of silence in the middle and 2 second
-at the end, you could set below_period to a value of 2 to skip over the
+at the end, you could set below-period to a value of 2 to skip over the
silence in the middle of the audio.
-For \fIbelow_periods\fR, \fIduration\fR specifies a period of silence
+For \fIbelow-periods\fR, \fIduration\fR specifies a period of silence
that must exist before audio is not copied any more. By specifying
a higher duration, silence that is wanted can be left in the audio.
For example, if you have a song with an expected 1 second of silence
@@ -1562,24 +1484,24 @@
Unfortunately, you must know the length of the silence at the
end of your audio file to trim off silence reliably. A work around is
to use the \fBsilence\fR effect in combination with the \fBreverse\fR effect.
-By first reversing the audio, you can use the \fIabove_periods\fR
+By first reversing the audio, you can use the \fIabove-periods\fR
to reliably trim all audio from what looks like the front of the file.
Then reverse the file again to get back to normal.
To remove silence from the middle of a file, specify a
-\fIbelow_periods\fR that is negative. This value is then
+\fIbelow-periods\fR that is negative. This value is then
treated as a positive value and is also used to indicate the
effect should restart processing as specified by the
-\fIabove_periods\fR, making it suitable for removing periods of
+\fIabove-periods\fR, making it suitable for removing periods of
silence in the middle of the audio.
The \fIperiod\fR counts are in units of samples. \fIDuration\fR counts may be in the format of hh:mm:ss.frac, or the exact count of samples. \fIThreshold\fR numbers may be suffixed with d to indicate the value is in decibels, or % to indicate a percentage of maximum value of the sample value (0% specifies pure digital silence).
-.TP 10
+.TP
speed \fIfactor\fR[\fIc\fR]
Adjust the audio speed (pitch and tempo together). \fIfactor\fR
is either the ratio of the new speed to the old speed: greater
than 1 speeds up, less than 1 slows down, or, if appended with
-`\fIc\fR', the number of cents (i.e. 100ths of a semitone) by
+`c', the number of cents (i.e. 100ths of a semitone) by
which the pitch (and tempo) should be adjusted: greater than 0
increases, less than 0 decreases.
@@ -1588,17 +1510,15 @@
resampling, in addition to the \fBspeed\fR effect, specify
either the \fBresample\fR or the \fBrabbit\fR effect with
appropriate parameters.
-.TP 10
-stat [ \fI-s N\fB ] [\fI-rms\fB ] [\fI-freq\fB ] [ \fI-v\fB ] [ \fI-d\fB ]
+.TP
+stat [ \fI\-s N\fR ] [\fI\-rms\fR ] [\fI\-freq\fR ] [ \fI\-v\fR ] [ \fI\-d\fR ]
Do a statistical check on the input file,
and print results on the standard error file. Audio is passed
-unmodified through the
-.I SoX
-processing chain.
+unmodified through the SoX processing chain.
The `Volume Adjustment:' field in the statistics
gives you the argument to the
-.B -v
+.B \-v
.I number
which will make the audio as loud as possible without clipping.
Note: See the discussion on
@@ -1606,13 +1526,13 @@
above for reasons why it is rarely a good idea to actually do this.
The option
-.B -v
+.B \-v
will print out the `Volume Adjustment:' field's value only and
return. This could be of use in scripts to auto convert the
volume.
The
-.B -s n
+.B \-s n
option is used to scale the input data by a given factor. The default value
of n is the max value of a signed long variable (0x7fffffff). Internal effects
always work with signed long PCM data and so the value should relate to this
@@ -1619,23 +1539,23 @@
fact.
The
-.B -rms
+.B \-rms
option will convert all output average values to \fIroot mean square\fR
format.
The
-.B -freq
+.B \-freq
option calculates the input's power spectrum and prints it to standard error.
There is also an optional parameter
-.B -d
+.B \-d
that will print out a hex dump of the
audio from the internal buffer that is in 32-bit signed PCM data.
This is mainly only of use in tracking down endian problems that
-creep in to \fISoX\fR on cross-platform versions.
+creep in to SoX on cross-platform versions.
-.TP 10
-stretch \fIfactor [window fade shift fading]\fB
+.TP
+stretch \fIfactor [window fade shift fading]\fR
Time stretch the audio by the given factor. Changes duration without affecting the pitch.
.I factor
of stretching: >1.0 lengthen, <1.0 shorten duration.
@@ -1649,8 +1569,8 @@
.I fading
ratio, in [0.0 0.5]. The amount of a fade's default depends on factor
and shift.
-.TP 10
-swap [ \fI1 2\fB | \fI1 2 3 4\fB ]
+.TP
+swap [ \fI1 2\fR | \fI1 2 3 4\fR ]
Swap channels in multi-channel audio files. Optionally, you may
specify the channel order you would like the output in. This defaults
to output channel 2 and then 1 for stereo and 2, 1, 4, 3 for quad-channels.
@@ -1660,8 +1580,8 @@
swap 2 2 will overwrite channel 1 with channel 2; creating a stereo
file with both channels containing the same audio.
-.TP 10
-synth [\fIlen\fR] {[\fItype] [combine\fR] [\fIfreq\fR[\fI-freq2\fR]] [\fIoff\fR] [\fIph\fR] [\fIp1\fR] [\fIp2\fR] [\fIp3\fR]}+.TP
+synth [\fIlen\fR] {[\fItype\fR] [\fIcombine\fR] [\fIfreq\fR[\fI\-freq2\fR]] [\fIoff\fR] [\fIph\fR] [\fIp1\fR] [\fIp2\fR] [\fIp3\fR]}This effect can be used to generate fixed or swept frequency audio tones
with various wave shapes, or to generate wide-band noise of various
`colours'.
@@ -1677,17 +1597,17 @@
length, the number of channels, and the sampling rate, however since the
input file's audio is not needed, the
.I null
-file `\fB-n\fR' is usually used instead (and the length specified
+file `\fB\-n\fR' is usually used instead (and the length specified
as a parameter to \fIsynth\fR).
For example, the following produces a 3 second, 44.1kHz,
stereo audio file containing a sine-wave swept from 300 to 3300 Hz.
- sox -n output.au synth 3 sine 300-3300
+ sox \-n output.au synth 3 sine 300\-3300
This produces an 8kHz mono version:
- sox -r 8000 -c 1 -n output.au synth 3 sine 300-3300
+ sox \-r 8000 \-c 1 \-n output.au synth 3 sine 300\-3300
Multiple channels can be synthesised by specifying the set of
parameters shown between braces ({}) multiple times;@@ -1694,12 +1614,12 @@
the following puts the swept tone in the left channel and adds `brown'
noise in the right:
- sox -n output.au synth 3 sine 300-3300 brownnoise
+ sox \-n output.au synth 3 sine 300\-3300 brownnoise
The following example shows how two synth effects can be cascaded
to create a more complex waveform:
- sox -n output.au synth .5 sine 200-500 synth .5 sine fmod 700-100
+ sox \-n output.au synth .5 sine 200\-500 synth .5 sine fmod 700\-100
Frequencies can also specified in terms of musical semitones relative to
`middle A' (440Hz); the following could be used to help tune
@@ -1706,8 +1626,12 @@
a guitar's `low E' string (on a system that supports
\fBalsa\fR):
- sox -n -t alsa default synth sine %-5
+ sox \-n \-t alsa default synth sine %\-5
+The following produces a chord with a pipe-organ sound:
+
+ sox \-c4 \-n \-c1 Am7.au synth sin %0 sin %4 sin %7 sin %10 avg fade q .1 1 .1
+
N.B. This effect generates audio at maximum volume, which means that there
is a high chance of clipping when using the audio subsequently, so
in most cases, you will want to follow this effect with the \fBvol\fR
@@ -1723,7 +1647,7 @@
The format for specifying lengths in time is hh:mm:ss.frac. The format
for specifying sample counts is the number of samples with the letter
-'s' appended to it.
+`s' appended to it.
\fItype\fR is one of sine, square, triangle, sawtooth, trapezium, exp,
[white]noise, pinknoise, brownnoise; default=sine
@@ -1732,7 +1656,7 @@
(frequency modulation); default=create
\fIfreq\fR/\fIfreq2\fR are the frequencies at the beginning/end of
-synthesis in Hz or, if prepended with '%', semitones relative to A
+synthesis in Hz or, if prepended with `%', semitones relative to A
(440Hz); for both, default=%0. Not used for noise.
\fIoff\fR is the bias (DC-offset) of the signal in percent; default=0.
@@ -1750,12 +1674,11 @@
\fIp3\fR trapezium: the percentage through each cycle at which `falling'
ends; default=60.
-.TP 10
+.TP
treble \fIgain\fR [\fIfrequency\fR] [\fIslope\fR]
Apply a treble tone control effect.
-
See the description of the \fBbass\fR effect for details.
-.TP 10
+.TP
trim \fIstart\fR [ \fIlength\fR ]
Trim can trim off unwanted audio from the beginning and end of the
audio. Audio is not sent to the output stream until
@@ -1770,11 +1693,11 @@
exact count of samples. The format for specifying lengths in time is
hh:mm:ss.frac. A start value of 1:30.5 will not start until 1 minute,
thirty and 1/2 seconds into the audio. The format for specifying
-sample counts is the number of samples with the letter 's' appended to
+sample counts is the number of samples with the letter `s' appended to
it. A value of 8000s will wait until 8000 samples are read before
starting to process audio.
-.TP 10
-vibro \fIspeed \fB [ \fIdepth\fB ]
+.TP
+vibro \fIspeed \fR [ \fIdepth\fR ]
Apply low frequency sinusoidal amplitude modulation to the audio.
Otherwise known as `tremolo', in the guitar world
this effect is often referred to as `vibrato' (which in fact
@@ -1784,15 +1707,13 @@
(0 to 30), and the modulation depth by
.I depth
(0 to 1, default 0.5).
-.TP 10
-vol \fIgain\fR [ \fItype\fB [ \fIlimitergain\fR ] ]
+.TP
+vol \fIgain\fR [ \fItype\fR [ \fIlimitergain\fR ] ]
Apply an amplification or an attenuation to the audio signal.
Unlike the
-.B -v
+.B \-v
option (which is used for balancing multiple input files as they enter the
-.I SoX
-effects processing
-chain),
+SoX effects processing chain),
.B vol
is an effect like any other so can be applied anywhere, and several times
if necessary, during the processing chain.
@@ -1844,7 +1765,7 @@
Exit status is 0 for no error, 1 if there is a problem with the
command-line arguments, or 2 if an error occurs during file processing.
.SH BUGS
-Please report any bugs found in this version of \fISoX\fR to the mailing list
+Please report any bugs found in this version of SoX to the mailing list
(sox-users@lists.sourceforge.net).
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR play (1),
@@ -1851,10 +1772,10 @@
.BR rec (1),
.BR soxexam (1)
.LP
-The \fISoX\fR web page at http://sox.sourceforge.net/
+The SoX web page at http://sox.sourceforge.net/
.SH LICENSE
Copyright 1991 Lance Norskog and Sundry Contributors.
-Copyright 1998-2006 by Chris Bagwell and \fISoX\fR Contributors.
+Copyright 1998\-2006 by Chris Bagwell and SoX Contributors.
.LP
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -1867,6 +1788,6 @@
GNU General Public License for more details.
.SH AUTHORS
Chris Bagwell (cbagwell@users.sourceforge.net).
-.P
+
Additional authors and contributors are listed in the AUTHORS file that
is distributed with the source code.