shithub: 9intro

ref: 2b99422480d596ebc26921c87c6bb81a07949f3e
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.nr LT 13cm
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.nr PO 2cm
.nr HM 2cm
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.pl 24cm
.pl 24cm
.po 2cm
.ll 13cm
.ps +4
.ce 1
.B "Table of Contents"
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.B "1.	Getting started	1
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1.1.	What is an Operating System?	1
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1.2.	Entering the system	2
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1.3.	Leaving the system	5
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1.4.	Editing and running commands	5
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1.5.	Obtaining help	8
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1.6.	Using files	9
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1.7.	Directories	12
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1.8.	Files and data	15
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1.9.	Permissions	17
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1.10.	Writing a C program in Plan 9	19
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1.11.	The Operating System and your programs	21
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1.12.	Where are the files?	22
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1.13.	The Shell, commands, binaries, and system calls	23
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1.14.	The Operating System and the hardware	24

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.B "2.	Programs and Processes	26
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2.1.	Processes	26
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2.2.	Loaded programs	27
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2.3.	Process birth and death	31
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2.4.	System call errors	35
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2.5.	Environment	37
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2.6.	Process names and states	39
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2.7.	Debugging	42
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2.8.	Everything is a file!	44

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.B "3.	Files	48
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3.1.	Input/Output	48
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3.2.	Write games	53
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3.3.	Read games	57
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3.4.	Creating and removing files	57
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3.5.	Directory entries	59
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3.6.	Listing files in the shell	63
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3.7.	Buffered Input/Output	66

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.B "4.	Parent and Child	72
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4.1.	Running a new program	72
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4.2.	Process creation	73
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4.3.	Shared or not?	77
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4.4.	Race conditions	79
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4.5.	Executing another program	80
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4.6.	Using both calls	81
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4.7.	Waiting for children	82
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4.8.	Interpreted programs	85

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.B "5.	Talking Processes	88
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5.1.	Input/Output redirection	88
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5.2.	Conventions	92
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5.3.	Other redirections	93
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5.4.	Pipes	94
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5.5.	Using pipes	98
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5.6.	Notes and process groups	102
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5.7.	Reading, notes, and alarms	105
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5.8.	The file descriptor bulletin board	107
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5.9.	Delivering messages	110

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.B "6.	Networking	118
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6.1.	Network connections	118
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6.2.	Names	121
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6.3.	Making calls	123
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6.4.	Providing services	126
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6.5.	System services	131
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6.6.	Distributed computing	131

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.B "7.	Resources and Names	134
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7.1.	Resource fork	134
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7.2.	Protecting from notes	136
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7.3.	Environment in shell scripts	138
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7.4.	Independent children	139
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7.5.	Name spaces	139
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7.6.	Local name space tricks	144
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7.7.	Device files	147
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7.8.	Unions	148
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7.9.	Changing the name space	150
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7.10.	Using names	151
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7.11.	Sand-boxing	152
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7.12.	Distributed computing revisited	154

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.B "8.	Using the Shell	158
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8.1.	Programs are tools	158
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8.2.	Lists	158
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8.3.	Simple things	161
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8.4.	Real programs	164
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8.5.	Conditions	168
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8.6.	Editing text	171
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8.7.	Moving files around	175

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.B "9.	More tools	178
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9.1.	Regular expressions	178
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9.2.	Sorting and searching	182
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9.3.	Searching for changes	186
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9.4.	AWK	189
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9.5.	Processing data	194
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9.6.	File systems	199

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.B "10.	Concurrency	204
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10.1.	Synchronization	204
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10.2.	Locks	207
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10.3.	Queueing locks	214
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10.4.	Rendezvous	221
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10.5.	Sleep and wakeup	223
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10.6.	Shared buffers	225
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10.7.	Other tools	230

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.B "11.	Threads and Channels	235
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11.1.	Threads	235
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11.2.	Thread names	238
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11.3.	Channels	242
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11.4.	I/O in threaded programs	247
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11.5.	Many to one communication	251
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11.6.	Other calls	258

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.B "12.	User Input/Output	262
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12.1.	Console input	262
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12.2.	Characters and runes	265
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12.3.	Mouse input	267
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12.4.	Devices for graphics	270
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12.5.	Graphics	272
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12.6.	A graphic slider	274
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12.7.	Keyboard input	281
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12.8.	Drawing text	285
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12.9.	The window system	287

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.B "13.	Building a File Server	292
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13.1.	Disk storage	292
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13.2.	The file system protocol	295
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13.3.	Semaphores for Plan 9	301
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13.4.	Speaking 9P	302
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13.5.	9P requests	305
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13.6.	Semaphores	308
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13.7.	Semaphores as files	311
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13.8.	A program to make things	318
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13.9.	Debugging and testing	322

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.B "14.	Security	326
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14.1.	Secure systems	326
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14.2.	The local machine	326
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14.3.	Distributed security and authentication	328
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14.4.	Authentication agents	331
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14.5.	Secure servers	336
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14.6.	Identity changes	339
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14.7.	Accounts and keys	342
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14.8.	What now?	343
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