ref: a411870ee4640241e3c494367d922847da84f972
dir: /man/10/c2l/
.TH C2L 10.1
.SH NAME
c2l \- C to Limbo translator
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B c2l
[
.I option ...
]
.I file
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I C2l
translates the named C
.I file
into Limbo. The translated code should be almost always syntactically correct
but will certainly never be semantically correct as certain constructs in C
(strings for example) are almost impossible to convert automatically into Limbo.
Otherwise it tries to do a good job of translating the C constructs that have some
sort of equivalence in Limbo. The C ternary
.B ?:
operator is replaced where possible.
C library calls are mapped to calls to the Limbo system module, maths module or
the provided Limbo libc modules. Some library calls, such as malloc, are instead
mapped directly into Limbo wherever possible.
.PP
Once a translation has been made, running the
.IR limbo (1)
compiler on the resulting output should pick out the areas where hand
editing is required.
.PP
.I C2l
normally puts all mapped C code (plus that from included files) into a
single .b file.
.PP
The options to
.I c2l
are:
.TP
.B -p
Use an ANSI preprocessor in place of the internal one.
.TP
.BI -D name=def
.br
.ns
.TP
.BI -D name
Define the
.I name
to the preprocessor,
as if by
.LR #define .
If no definition is given, the name is defined as
.LR 1 .
.TP
.BI -I dir
An
.L #include
file whose name does not begin with
slash
or is enclosed in double quotes
is always
sought first in the directory
of the
.I file
argument. If this fails, or the name is enclosed in
.BR <> ,
it is then sought
in directories named in
.B -I
options,
then in
.BR /sys/include ,
and finally in
.BR /$objtype/include .
.TP
.B -m
Put the mapped code of any included
.B .h
files into its corresponding
.B .m
file instead of
the
.B .b
file.
.TP
.B -i
Send the mapped code of any included
.B .h
files to
.BR /dev/null .
.TP
.B -l
Send the mapped code of any non-local included
.B .h
files to
.BR /dev/null .
.TP
.B -c
Just generate code corresponding to the C code ie don't include any prologue
or epilogue code such as an implement header, include declarations, module
declarations or an init function.
.TP
.B -v
Outputs any warnings to standard error as well as putting them in the output source.
.TP
.B -s
Map C strings to NUL-terminated arrays of bytes in Limbo. This just about preserves
the semantics of strings and makes the process of hand editing much easier. It is
useful as a first attempt at translation. In this case the module
.B /module/libc0.m
is used in place of the standard one
.B /module/libc.m.
.TP
.B -S
Map
.B "char*"
in C to string in Limbo. Incompatible with the
.B -s
option.
.TP
.B -M
Indicates this file is the one containing the C main program. Used with the
.B -q
option below when
.I c2l
does not always know this until it's too late.
.TP
.B -q
This reduces the number of passes that
.I c2l
makes over the C code. It makes it faster but more liable to miss some
transformations. Cyclic data structures might not be detected.
.TP
.B -a
For functions which are passed the address of a scalar typed (ie not a structure
or union) expression as a parameter, pass the expression itself and
rewrite the function and all calls of it to return the expression. For example :-
.PP
.EX
int
f(int x, int *y)
{
*y = x*x*x;
return x*(*y);
}
void
g()
{
int p3, p4;
p4 = f(1729, &p3);
}
.EE
.PP
becomes
.PP
.EX
f(x: int, y: int): (int, int)
{
y = x*x*x;
return (x*y, y);
}
g()
{
p3, p4: int;
(p4, p3) = f(1729, p3);
}
.EE
.PP
.I C2l
runs the preprocessor on the C code before starting translation. As
a special case it will convert definitions of constants into Limbo constant declarations.
It makes no attempt to convert any definitions into function declarations.
.PP
Identifier names that clash with Limbo keywords have letter
.B x
appended so, for example,
a structure member called
.B type
would become
.BR typex .
.PP
Warning messages preceded by the acronym TBA (to be addressed) are issued for
NUL bytes in strings, ... as an argument, array indices in declarations, use of void type, use of unions, bit fields, use of address operator, negative array
indices, element specifiers, initial values in Limbo modules, labels, gotos and case
statement fall through.
.PP
The C types
.B char
and
.B "unsigned char"
are mapped to the Limbo
.B byte
type.
The C types short, unsigned short, int, unsigned int, long and unsigned long
are mapped to the Limbo int type. The C types long long and unsigned long long
are mapped to the Limbo big type. Finally the C types float and double are mapped
to the Limbo real type.
.PP
Anonymous C structures and unions map to a name of the form <module>_adt_<num> where module is the name of the module which is, in turn, derived from the file name. Anonymous member names in strucures and unions have a
name of the form anon_<num>. Finally,temporary variables generated by
.I c2l
have a name of the form tmp_<num>. In all cases <num> is a unique identifier.
.SH SOURCE
.TF /utils/c2l
.TP
.B /module/libc.m
.TP
.B /module/libc0.m
.TP
.B /appl/lib/libc.b
.TP
.B /appl/lib/libc0.b
.TP
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IR 2c (10.1),
.IR limbo (1)
.SH BUGS
.I C2l
is not a pretty printer. It has its own idea of how Limbo should be laid out.
.PP
.I C2l
may well crash if given invalid C code.
.PP
.I c2l -a
does not always do all possible conversions.