ref: f5cc6fbe3a7bcf8bdb002c646ddd519014afafd2
dir: /appl/cmd/disk/format.b/
implement Format;
include "sys.m";
sys: Sys;
include "draw.m";
include "daytime.m";
daytime: Daytime;
include "disks.m";
disks: Disks;
Disk: import disks;
include "arg.m";
Format: module
{
init: fn(nil: ref Draw->Context, args: list of string);
};
#
# floppy types (all MFM encoding)
#
Type: adt {
name: string;
bytes: int; # bytes/sector
sectors: int; # sectors/track
heads: int; # number of heads
tracks: int; # tracks/disk
media: int; # media descriptor byte
cluster: int; # default cluster size
};
floppytype := array[] of {
Type ( "3½HD", 512, 18, 2, 80, 16rf0, 1 ),
Type ( "3½DD", 512, 9, 2, 80, 16rf9, 2 ),
Type ( "3½QD", 512, 36, 2, 80, 16rf9, 2 ), # invented
Type ( "5¼HD", 512, 15, 2, 80, 16rf9, 1 ),
Type ( "5¼DD", 512, 9, 2, 40, 16rfd, 2 ),
Type ( "hard", 512, 0, 0, 0, 16rf8, 4 ),
};
# offsets in DOS boot area
DB_MAGIC : con 0;
DB_VERSION : con 3;
DB_SECTSIZE : con 11;
DB_CLUSTSIZE : con 13;
DB_NRESRV : con 14;
DB_NFATS : con 16;
DB_ROOTSIZE : con 17;
DB_VOLSIZE : con 19;
DB_MEDIADESC: con 21;
DB_FATSIZE : con 22;
DB_TRKSIZE : con 24;
DB_NHEADS : con 26;
DB_NHIDDEN : con 28;
DB_BIGVOLSIZE: con 32;
DB_DRIVENO : con 36;
DB_RESERVED0: con 37;
DB_BOOTSIG : con 38;
DB_VOLID : con 39;
DB_LABEL : con 43;
DB_TYPE : con 54;
DB_VERSIONSIZE: con 8;
DB_LABELSIZE : con 11;
DB_TYPESIZE : con 8;
DB_SIZE : con 62;
# offsets in DOS directory
DD_NAME : con 0;
DD_EXT : con 8;
DD_ATTR : con 11;
DD_RESERVED : con 12;
DD_TIME : con 22;
DD_DATE : con 24;
DD_START : con 26;
DD_LENGTH : con 28;
DD_NAMESIZE : con 8;
DD_EXTSIZE : con 3;
DD_SIZE : con 32;
DRONLY : con 16r01;
DHIDDEN : con 16r02;
DSYSTEM : con byte 16r04;
DVLABEL : con byte 16r08;
DDIR : con byte 16r10;
DARCH : con byte 16r20;
# the boot program for the boot sector.
bootprog := array[512] of {
16r000 =>
byte 16rEB, byte 16r3C, byte 16r90, byte 16r00, byte 16r00, byte 16r00, byte 16r00, byte 16r00,
byte 16r00, byte 16r00, byte 16r00, byte 16r00, byte 16r00, byte 16r00, byte 16r00, byte 16r00,
16r03E =>
byte 16rFA, byte 16rFC, byte 16r8C, byte 16rC8, byte 16r8E, byte 16rD8, byte 16r8E, byte 16rD0,
byte 16rBC, byte 16r00, byte 16r7C, byte 16rBE, byte 16r77, byte 16r7C, byte 16rE8, byte 16r19,
byte 16r00, byte 16r33, byte 16rC0, byte 16rCD, byte 16r16, byte 16rBB, byte 16r40, byte 16r00,
byte 16r8E, byte 16rC3, byte 16rBB, byte 16r72, byte 16r00, byte 16rB8, byte 16r34, byte 16r12,
byte 16r26, byte 16r89, byte 16r07, byte 16rEA, byte 16r00, byte 16r00, byte 16rFF, byte 16rFF,
byte 16rEB, byte 16rD6, byte 16rAC, byte 16r0A, byte 16rC0, byte 16r74, byte 16r09, byte 16rB4,
byte 16r0E, byte 16rBB, byte 16r07, byte 16r00, byte 16rCD, byte 16r10, byte 16rEB, byte 16rF2,
byte 16rC3, byte 'N', byte 'o', byte 't', byte ' ', byte 'a', byte ' ', byte 'b',
byte 'o', byte 'o', byte 't', byte 'a', byte 'b', byte 'l', byte 'e', byte ' ',
byte 'd', byte 'i', byte 's', byte 'c', byte ' ', byte 'o', byte 'r', byte ' ',
byte 'd', byte 'i', byte 's', byte 'c', byte ' ', byte 'e', byte 'r', byte 'r',
byte 'o', byte 'r', byte '\r', byte '\n', byte 'P', byte 'r', byte 'e', byte 's',
byte 's', byte ' ', byte 'a', byte 'l', byte 'm', byte 'o', byte 's', byte 't',
byte ' ', byte 'a', byte 'n', byte 'y', byte ' ', byte 'k', byte 'e', byte 'y',
byte ' ', byte 't', byte 'o', byte ' ', byte 'r', byte 'e', byte 'b', byte 'o',
byte 'o', byte 't', byte '.', byte '.', byte '.', byte 16r00, byte 16r00, byte 16r00,
16r1F0 =>
byte 16r00, byte 16r00, byte 16r00, byte 16r00, byte 16r00, byte 16r00, byte 16r00, byte 16r00,
byte 16r00, byte 16r00, byte 16r00, byte 16r00, byte 16r00, byte 16r00, byte 16r55, byte 16rAA,
* =>
byte 16r00,
};
dev: string;
clustersize := 0;
fat: array of byte; # the fat
fatbits: int;
fatsecs: int;
fatlast: int; # last cluster allocated
clusters: int;
volsecs: int;
root: array of byte; # first block of root
rootsecs: int;
rootfiles: int;
rootnext: int;
chatty := 0;
xflag := 0;
nresrv := 1;
dos := 0;
fflag := 0;
file: string; # output file name
pbs: string;
typ: string;
Sof: con 1; # start of file
Eof: con 2; # end of file
stdin, stdout, stderr: ref Sys->FD;
fatal(str: string)
{
sys->fprint(stderr, "format: %s\n", str);
if(fflag && file != nil)
sys->remove(file);
raise "fail:error";
}
init(nil: ref Draw->Context, args: list of string)
{
sys = load Sys Sys->PATH;
daytime = load Daytime Daytime->PATH;
disks = load Disks Disks->PATH;
arg := load Arg Arg->PATH;
stdin = sys->fildes(0);
stdout = sys->fildes(1);
stderr = sys->fildes(2);
disks->init();
fflag = 0;
typ = nil;
clustersize = 0;
writepbs := 0;
label := array[DB_LABELSIZE] of {* => byte ' '};
label[0:] = array of byte "CYLINDRICAL";
arg->init(args);
arg->setusage("disk/format [-df] [-b bootblock] [-c csize] [-l label] [-r nresrv] [-t type] disk [files ...]");
while((o := arg->opt()) != 0)
case o {
'b' =>
pbs = arg->earg();
writepbs = 1;
'd' =>
dos = 1;
writepbs = 1;
'c' =>
clustersize = int arg->earg();
'f' =>
fflag = 1;
'l' =>
a := array of byte arg->earg();
if(len a > len label)
a = a[0:len label];
label[0:] = a;
for(i := len a; i < len label; i++)
label[i] = byte ' ';
'r' =>
nresrv = int arg->earg();
't' =>
typ = arg->earg();
'v' =>
chatty = 1;
'x' =>
xflag = 1;
* =>
arg->usage();
}
args = arg->argv();
if(args == nil)
arg->usage();
arg = nil;
dev = hd args;
disk := Disk.open(dev, Sys->ORDWR, 0);
if(disk == nil){
if(fflag){
fd := sys->create(dev, Sys->ORDWR, 8r666);
if(fd != nil){
fd = nil;
disk = Disk.open(dev, Sys->ORDWR, 0);
}
}
if(disk == nil)
fatal(sys->sprint("opendisk %q: %r", dev));
}
if(disk.dtype == "file")
fflag = 1;
if(typ == nil){
case disk.dtype {
"file" =>
typ = "3½HD";
"floppy" =>
sys->seek(disk.ctlfd, big 0, 0);
buf := array[10] of byte;
n := sys->read(disk.ctlfd, buf, len buf);
if(n <= 0 || n >= 10)
fatal("reading floppy type");
typ = string buf[0:n];
"sd" =>
typ = "hard";
* =>
typ = "unknown";
}
}
if(!fflag && disk.dtype == "floppy")
if(sys->fprint(disk.ctlfd, "format %s", typ) < 0)
fatal(sys->sprint("formatting floppy as %s: %r", typ));
if(disk.dtype != "floppy" && !xflag)
sanitycheck(disk);
# check that everything will succeed
dosfs(dos, writepbs, disk, label, tl args, 0);
# commit
dosfs(dos, writepbs, disk, label, tl args, 1);
sys->print("used %bd bytes\n", big fatlast*big clustersize*big disk.secsize);
exit;
}
#
# look for a partition table on sector 1, as would be the
# case if we were erroneously formatting 9fat without -r 2.
# if it's there and nresrv is not big enough, complain and exit.
# i've blown away my partition table too many times.
#
sanitycheck(disk: ref Disk)
{
buf := array[512] of byte;
bad := 0;
if(dos && nresrv < 2 && sys->seek(disk.fd, big disk.secsize, 0) == big disk.secsize &&
sys->read(disk.fd, buf, len buf) >= 5 && string buf[0:5] == "part "){
sys->fprint(sys->fildes(2), "there's a plan9 partition on the disk\n"+
"and you didn't specify -r 2 (or greater).\n" +
"either specify -r 2 or -x to disable this check.\n");
bad = 1;
}
if(disk.dtype == "sd" && disk.offset == big 0){
sys->fprint(sys->fildes(2), "you're attempting to format your disk (/dev/sdXX/data)\n"+
"rather than a partition such as /dev/sdXX/9fat;\n" +
"this is probably a mistake. specify -x to disable this check.\n");
bad = 1;
}
if(bad)
raise "fail:failed disk sanity check";
}
#
# return the BIOS driver number for the disk.
# 16r80 is the first fixed disk, 16r81 the next, etc.
# We map sdC0=16r80, sdC1=16r81, sdD0=16r82, sdD1=16r83
#
getdriveno(disk: ref Disk): int
{
if(disk.dtype != "sd")
return 16r80; # first hard disk
name := sys->fd2path(disk.fd);
if(len name < 3)
return 16r80;
#
# The name is of the format #SsdC0/foo
# or /dev/sdC0/foo.
# So that we can just look for /sdC0, turn
# #SsdC0/foo into #/sdC0/foo.
#
if(name[0:1] == "#S")
name[1] = '/';
for(p := name; len p >= 4; p = p[1:])
if(p[0:2] == "sd" && (p[2]=='C' || p[2]=='D') && (p[3]=='0' || p[3]=='1'))
return 16r80 + (p[2]-'c')*2 + (p[3]-'0');
return 16r80;
}
writen(fd: ref Sys->FD, buf: array of byte, n: int): int
{
# write 8k at a time, to be nice to the disk subsystem
m: int;
for(tot:=0; tot<n; tot+=m){
m = n - tot;
if(m > 8192)
m = 8192;
if(sys->write(fd, buf[tot:], m) != m)
break;
}
return tot;
}
dosfs(dofat: int, dopbs: int, disk: ref Disk, label: array of byte, arg: list of string, commit: int)
{
if(dofat == 0 && dopbs == 0)
return;
for(i := 0; i < len floppytype; i++)
if(typ == floppytype[i].name)
break;
if(i == len floppytype)
fatal(sys->sprint("unknown floppy type %q", typ));
t := floppytype[i];
if(t.sectors == 0 && typ == "hard"){
t.sectors = disk.s;
t.heads = disk.h;
t.tracks = disk.c;
}
if(t.sectors == 0 && dofat)
fatal(sys->sprint("cannot format fat with type %s: geometry unknown", typ));
if(fflag){
disk.size = big (t.bytes*t.sectors*t.heads*t.tracks);
disk.secsize = t.bytes;
disk.secs = disk.size / big disk.secsize;
}
secsize := disk.secsize;
length := disk.size;
#
# make disk full size if a file
#
if(fflag && disk.dtype == "file"){
(ok, d) := sys->fstat(disk.wfd);
if(ok < 0)
fatal(sys->sprint("fstat disk: %r"));
if(commit && d.length < disk.size){
if(sys->seek(disk.wfd, disk.size-big 1, 0) < big 0)
fatal(sys->sprint("seek to 9: %r"));
if(sys->write(disk.wfd, array[] of {0 => byte '9'}, 1) < 0)
fatal(sys->sprint("writing 9: @%bd %r", sys->seek(disk.wfd, big 0, 1)));
}
}
buf := array[secsize] of byte;
#
# start with initial sector from disk
#
if(sys->seek(disk.fd, big 0, 0) < big 0)
fatal(sys->sprint("seek to boot sector: %r"));
if(commit && sys->read(disk.fd, buf, secsize) != secsize)
fatal(sys->sprint("reading boot sector: %r"));
if(dofat)
memset(buf, 0, DB_SIZE);
#
# Jump instruction and OEM name
#
b := buf; # hmm.
b[DB_MAGIC+0] = byte 16rEB;
b[DB_MAGIC+1] = byte 16r3C;
b[DB_MAGIC+2] = byte 16r90;
memmove(b[DB_VERSION: ], array of byte "Plan9.00", DB_VERSIONSIZE);
#
# Add bootstrapping code; assume it starts
# at 16r3E (the destination of the jump we just
# wrote to b[DB_MAGIC]
#
if(dopbs){
pbsbuf := array[secsize] of byte;
npbs: int;
if(pbs != nil){
if((sysfd := sys->open(pbs, Sys->OREAD)) == nil)
fatal(sys->sprint("open %s: %r", pbs));
npbs = sys->read(sysfd, pbsbuf, len pbsbuf);
if(npbs < 0)
fatal(sys->sprint("read %s: %r", pbs));
if(npbs > secsize-2)
fatal("boot block too large");
}else{
pbsbuf[0:] = bootprog;
npbs = len bootprog;
}
if(npbs <= 16r3E)
sys->fprint(sys->fildes(2), "warning: pbs too small\n");
else
buf[16r3E:] = pbsbuf[16r3E:npbs];
}
#
# Add FAT BIOS parameter block
#
if(dofat){
if(commit){
sys->print("Initializing FAT file system\n");
sys->print("type %s, %d tracks, %d heads, %d sectors/track, %d bytes/sec\n",
t.name, t.tracks, t.heads, t.sectors, secsize);
}
if(clustersize == 0)
clustersize = t.cluster;
#
# the number of fat bits depends on how much disk is left
# over after you subtract out the space taken up by the fat tables.
# try both. what a crock.
#
for(fatbits = 12;;){
volsecs = int (length/big secsize);
#
# here's a crock inside a crock. even having fixed fatbits,
# the number of fat sectors depends on the number of clusters,
# but of course we don't know yet. maybe iterating will get us there.
# or maybe it will cycle.
#
clusters = 0;
for(i=0;; i++){
fatsecs = (fatbits*clusters + 8*secsize - 1)/(8*secsize);
rootsecs = volsecs/200;
rootfiles = rootsecs * (secsize/DD_SIZE);
if(rootfiles > 512){
rootfiles = 512;
rootsecs = rootfiles/(secsize/DD_SIZE);
}
data := nresrv + 2*fatsecs + (rootfiles*DD_SIZE + secsize-1)/secsize;
newclusters := 2 + (volsecs - data)/clustersize;
if(newclusters == clusters)
break;
clusters = newclusters;
if(i > 10)
fatal(sys->sprint("can't decide how many clusters to use (%d? %d?)", clusters, newclusters));
if(chatty) sys->print("clusters %d\n", clusters);
if(clusters <= 1) raise "trap";
}
if(chatty) sys->print("try %d fatbits => %d clusters of %d\n", fatbits, clusters, clustersize);
if(clusters < 4087 || fatbits > 12)
break;
fatbits = 16;
}
if(clusters >= 65527)
fatal("disk too big; implement fat32");
putshort(b[DB_SECTSIZE: ], secsize);
b[DB_CLUSTSIZE] = byte clustersize;
putshort(b[DB_NRESRV: ], nresrv);
b[DB_NFATS] = byte 2;
putshort(b[DB_ROOTSIZE: ], rootfiles);
if(volsecs < (1<<16))
putshort(b[DB_VOLSIZE: ], volsecs);
b[DB_MEDIADESC] = byte t.media;
putshort(b[DB_FATSIZE: ], fatsecs);
putshort(b[DB_TRKSIZE: ], t.sectors);
putshort(b[DB_NHEADS: ], t.heads);
putlong(b[DB_NHIDDEN: ], int disk.offset);
putlong(b[DB_BIGVOLSIZE: ], volsecs);
#
# Extended BIOS Parameter Block
#
if(t.media == 16rF8)
dno := getdriveno(disk);
else
dno = 0;
if(chatty) sys->print("driveno = %ux\n", dno);
b[DB_DRIVENO] = byte dno;
b[DB_BOOTSIG] = byte 16r29;
x := int (disk.offset + big b[DB_NFATS]*big fatsecs + big nresrv);
putlong(b[DB_VOLID:], x);
if(chatty) sys->print("volid = %ux\n", x);
b[DB_LABEL:] = label;
r := sys->aprint("FAT%d ", fatbits);
if(len r > DB_TYPESIZE)
r = r[0:DB_TYPESIZE];
b[DB_TYPE:] = r;
}
b[secsize-2] = byte Disks->Magic0;
b[secsize-1] = byte Disks->Magic1;
if(commit){
if(sys->seek(disk.wfd, big 0, 0) < big 0)
fatal(sys->sprint("seek to boot sector: %r\n"));
if(sys->write(disk.wfd, b, secsize) != secsize)
fatal(sys->sprint("writing to boot sector: %r"));
}
#
# if we were only called to write the PBS, leave now
#
if(dofat == 0)
return;
#
# allocate an in memory fat
#
if(sys->seek(disk.wfd, big (nresrv*secsize), 0) < big 0)
fatal(sys->sprint("seek to fat: %r"));
if(chatty) sys->print("fat @%buX\n", sys->seek(disk.wfd, big 0, 1));
fat = array[fatsecs*secsize] of {* => byte 0};
if(fat == nil)
fatal("out of memory");
fat[0] = byte t.media;
fat[1] = byte 16rff;
fat[2] = byte 16rff;
if(fatbits == 16)
fat[3] = byte 16rff;
fatlast = 1;
if(sys->seek(disk.wfd, big (2*fatsecs*secsize), 1) < big 0) # 2 fats
fatal(sys->sprint("seek to root: %r"));
if(chatty) sys->print("root @%buX\n", sys->seek(disk.wfd, big 0, 1));
#
# allocate an in memory root
#
root = array[rootsecs*secsize] of {* => byte 0};
if(sys->seek(disk.wfd, big (rootsecs*secsize), 1) < big 0) # rootsecs
fatal(sys->sprint("seek to files: %r"));
if(chatty) sys->print("files @%buX\n", sys->seek(disk.wfd, big 0, 1));
#
# Now positioned at the Files Area.
# If we have any arguments, process
# them and write out.
#
for(p := 0; arg != nil; arg = tl arg){
if(p >= rootsecs*secsize)
fatal("too many files in root");
#
# Open the file and get its length.
#
if((sysfd := sys->open(hd arg, Sys->OREAD)) == nil)
fatal(sys->sprint("open %s: %r", hd arg));
(ok, d) := sys->fstat(sysfd);
if(ok < 0)
fatal(sys->sprint("stat %s: %r", hd arg));
if(d.length >= big 16r7FFFFFFF)
fatal(sys->sprint("file %s too big (%bd bytes)", hd arg, d.length));
if(commit)
sys->print("Adding file %s, length %bd\n", hd arg, d.length);
x: int;
length = d.length;
if(length > big 0){
#
# Allocate a buffer to read the entire file into.
# This must be rounded up to a cluster boundary.
#
# Read the file and write it out to the Files Area.
#
length += big (secsize*clustersize - 1);
length /= big (secsize*clustersize);
length *= big (secsize*clustersize);
fbuf := array[int length] of byte;
if((nr := sys->read(sysfd, fbuf, int d.length)) != int d.length){
if(nr >= 0)
sys->werrstr("short read");
fatal(sys->sprint("read %s: %r", hd arg));
}
for(; nr < len fbuf; nr++)
fbuf[nr] = byte 0;
if(chatty) sys->print("%q @%buX\n", d.name, sys->seek(disk.wfd, big 0, 1));
if(commit && writen(disk.wfd, fbuf, len fbuf) != len fbuf)
fatal(sys->sprint("write %s: %r", hd arg));
fbuf = nil;
#
# Allocate the FAT clusters.
# We're assuming here that where we
# wrote the file is in sync with
# the cluster allocation.
# Save the starting cluster.
#
length /= big (secsize*clustersize);
x = clustalloc(Sof);
for(n := 0; n < int length-1; n++)
clustalloc(0);
clustalloc(Eof);
}
else
x = 0;
#
# Add the filename to the root.
#
sys->fprint(sys->fildes(2), "add %s at clust %ux\n", d.name, x);
addrname(root[p:], d, hd arg, x);
p += DD_SIZE;
}
#
# write the fats and root
#
if(commit){
if(sys->seek(disk.wfd, big (nresrv*secsize), 0) < big 0)
fatal(sys->sprint("seek to fat #1: %r"));
if(sys->write(disk.wfd, fat, fatsecs*secsize) < 0)
fatal(sys->sprint("writing fat #1: %r"));
if(sys->write(disk.wfd, fat, fatsecs*secsize) < 0)
fatal(sys->sprint("writing fat #2: %r"));
if(sys->write(disk.wfd, root, rootsecs*secsize) < 0)
fatal(sys->sprint("writing root: %r"));
}
}
#
# allocate a cluster
#
clustalloc(flag: int): int
{
o, x: int;
if(flag != Sof){
if (flag == Eof)
x =16rffff;
else
x = fatlast+1;
if(fatbits == 12){
x &= 16rfff;
o = (3*fatlast)/2;
if(fatlast & 1){
fat[o] = byte ((int fat[o] & 16r0f) | (x<<4));
fat[o+1] = byte (x>>4);
} else {
fat[o] = byte x;
fat[o+1] = byte ((int fat[o+1] & 16rf0) | ((x>>8) & 16r0F));
}
} else {
o = 2*fatlast;
fat[o] = byte x;
fat[o+1] = byte (x>>8);
}
}
if(flag == Eof)
return 0;
if(++fatlast >= clusters)
fatal(sys->sprint("data does not fit on disk (%d %d)", fatlast, clusters));
return fatlast;
}
putname(p: string, buf: array of byte)
{
memset(buf[DD_NAME: ], ' ', DD_NAMESIZE+DD_EXTSIZE);
for(i := 0; i < DD_NAMESIZE && i < len p && p[i] != '.'; i++){
c := p[i];
if(c >= 'a' && c <= 'z')
c += 'A'-'a';
buf[DD_NAME+i] = byte c;
}
for(i = 0; i < len p; i++)
if(p[i] == '.'){
p = p[i+1:];
for(i = 0; i < DD_EXTSIZE && i < len p; i++){
c := p[i];
if(c >= 'a' && c <= 'z')
c += 'A'-'a';
buf[DD_EXT+i] = byte c;
}
break;
}
}
puttime(buf: array of byte)
{
t := daytime->local(daytime->now());
x := (t.hour<<11) | (t.min<<5) | (t.sec>>1);
buf[DD_TIME+0] = byte x;
buf[DD_TIME+1] = byte (x>>8);
x = ((t.year-80)<<9) | ((t.mon+1)<<5) | t.mday;
buf[DD_DATE+0] = byte x;
buf[DD_DATE+1] = byte (x>>8);
}
addrname(buf: array of byte, dir: Sys->Dir, name: string, start: int)
{
s := name;
for(i := len s; --i >= 0;)
if(s[i] == '/'){
s = s[i+1:];
break;
}
putname(s, buf);
if(s == "9load")
buf[DD_ATTR] = byte DSYSTEM;
else
buf[DD_ATTR] = byte 0;
puttime(buf);
buf[DD_START+0] = byte start;
buf[DD_START+1] = byte (start>>8);
buf[DD_LENGTH+0] = byte dir.length;
buf[DD_LENGTH+1] = byte (dir.length>>8);
buf[DD_LENGTH+2] = byte (dir.length>>16);
buf[DD_LENGTH+3] = byte (dir.length>>24);
}
memset(d: array of byte, v: int, n: int)
{
for (i := 0; i < n; i++)
d[i] = byte v;
}
memmove(d: array of byte, s: array of byte, n: int)
{
d[0:] = s[0:n];
}
putshort(b: array of byte, v: int)
{
b[1] = byte (v>>8);
b[0] = byte v;
}
putlong(b: array of byte, v: int)
{
putshort(b, v);
putshort(b[2: ], v>>16);
}