ref: b4dadd35b6ea22192b3b68b042f439caa0dd0566
dir: /src/gfx/pal_packing.cpp/
/*
* This file is part of RGBDS.
*
* Copyright (c) 2022, Eldred Habert and RGBDS contributors.
*
* SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
*/
#include "gfx/pal_packing.hpp"
#include <algorithm>
#include <assert.h>
#include <bitset>
#include <cinttypes>
#include <deque>
#include <numeric>
#include <optional>
#include <queue>
#include <tuple>
#include <type_traits>
#include <unordered_set>
#include <vector>
#include "defaultinitalloc.hpp"
#include "gfx/main.hpp"
#include "gfx/proto_palette.hpp"
using std::swap;
namespace packing {
// The solvers here are picked from the paper at http://arxiv.org/abs/1605.00558:
// "Algorithms for the Pagination Problem, a Bin Packing with Overlapping Items"
// Their formulation of the problem consists in packing "tiles" into "pages"; here is a
// correspondence table for our application of it:
// Paper | RGBGFX
// ------+-------
// Tile | Proto-palette
// Page | Palette
/**
* A reference to a proto-palette, and attached attributes for sorting purposes
*/
struct ProtoPalAttrs {
size_t const protoPalIndex;
/**
* Pages from which we are banned (to prevent infinite loops)
* This is dynamic because we wish not to hard-cap the amount of palettes
*/
std::vector<bool> bannedPages;
ProtoPalAttrs(size_t index) : protoPalIndex(index) {}
bool isBannedFrom(size_t index) const {
return index < bannedPages.size() && bannedPages[index];
}
void banFrom(size_t index) {
if (bannedPages.size() <= index) {
bannedPages.resize(index + 1);
}
bannedPages[index] = true;
}
};
/**
* A collection of proto-palettes assigned to a palette
* Does not contain the actual color indices because we need to be able to remove elements
*/
class AssignedProtos {
// We leave room for emptied slots to avoid copying the structs around on removal
std::vector<std::optional<ProtoPalAttrs>> _assigned;
// For resolving proto-palette indices
std::vector<ProtoPalette> const *_protoPals;
public:
template<typename... Ts>
AssignedProtos(std::vector<ProtoPalette> const &protoPals, Ts &&...elems)
: _assigned{std::forward<Ts>(elems)...}, _protoPals{&protoPals} {}
private:
template<typename Inner, template<typename> typename Constness>
class Iter {
public:
friend class AssignedProtos;
// For `iterator_traits`
using difference_type = typename std::iterator_traits<Inner>::difference_type;
using value_type = ProtoPalAttrs;
using pointer = Constness<value_type> *;
using reference = Constness<value_type> &;
using iterator_category = std::forward_iterator_tag;
private:
Constness<decltype(_assigned)> *_array = nullptr;
Inner _iter{};
Iter(decltype(_array) array, decltype(_iter) &&iter) : _array(array), _iter(iter) {}
Iter &skipEmpty() {
while (_iter != _array->end() && !_iter->has_value()) {
++_iter;
}
return *this;
}
public:
Iter() = default;
bool operator==(Iter const &other) const { return _iter == other._iter; }
bool operator!=(Iter const &other) const { return !(*this == other); }
Iter &operator++() {
++_iter;
skipEmpty();
return *this;
}
Iter operator++(int) {
Iter it = *this;
++(*this);
return it;
}
reference operator*() const {
assert((*_iter).has_value());
return **_iter;
}
pointer operator->() const {
return &(**this); // Invokes the operator above, not quite a no-op!
}
friend void swap(Iter &lhs, Iter &rhs) {
swap(lhs._array, rhs._array);
swap(lhs._iter, rhs._iter);
}
};
public:
using iterator = Iter<decltype(_assigned)::iterator, std::remove_const_t>;
iterator begin() { return iterator{&_assigned, _assigned.begin()}.skipEmpty(); }
iterator end() { return iterator{&_assigned, _assigned.end()}; }
using const_iterator = Iter<decltype(_assigned)::const_iterator, std::add_const_t>;
const_iterator begin() const {
return const_iterator{&_assigned, _assigned.begin()}.skipEmpty();
}
const_iterator end() const { return const_iterator{&_assigned, _assigned.end()}; }
/**
* Assigns a new ProtoPalAttrs in a free slot, assuming there is one
* Args are passed to the `ProtoPalAttrs`'s constructor
*/
template<typename... Ts>
void assign(Ts &&...args) {
auto freeSlot = std::find_if_not(
_assigned.begin(), _assigned.end(),
[](std::optional<ProtoPalAttrs> const &slot) { return slot.has_value(); });
if (freeSlot == _assigned.end()) { // We are full, use a new slot
_assigned.emplace_back(std::forward<Ts>(args)...);
} else { // Reuse a free slot
freeSlot->emplace(std::forward<Ts>(args)...);
}
}
void remove(iterator const &iter) {
iter._iter->reset(); // This time, we want to access the `optional` itself
}
void clear() { _assigned.clear(); }
bool empty() const {
return std::find_if(
_assigned.begin(), _assigned.end(),
[](std::optional<ProtoPalAttrs> const &slot) { return slot.has_value(); })
== _assigned.end();
}
size_t nbProtoPals() const { return std::distance(begin(), end()); }
private:
template<typename Iter>
static void addUniqueColors(std::unordered_set<uint16_t> &colors, Iter iter, Iter const &end,
std::vector<ProtoPalette> const &protoPals) {
for (; iter != end; ++iter) {
ProtoPalette const &protoPal = protoPals[iter->protoPalIndex];
colors.insert(protoPal.begin(), protoPal.end());
}
}
// This function should stay private because it returns a reference to a unique object
std::unordered_set<uint16_t> &uniqueColors() const {
// We check for *distinct* colors by stuffing them into a `set`; this should be
// faster than "back-checking" on every element (O(n²))
//
// TODO: calc84maniac suggested another approach; try implementing it, see if it
// performs better:
// > So basically you make a priority queue that takes iterators into each of your sets
// > (paired with end iterators so you'll know where to stop), and the comparator tests the
// > values pointed to by each iterator
// > Then each iteration you pop from the queue,
// > optionally add one to your count, increment the iterator and push it back into the
// > queue if it didn't reach the end
// > And you do this until the priority queue is empty
static std::unordered_set<uint16_t> colors;
colors.clear();
addUniqueColors(colors, begin(), end(), *_protoPals);
return colors;
}
public:
/**
* Returns the number of distinct colors
*/
size_t volume() const { return uniqueColors().size(); }
bool canFit(ProtoPalette const &protoPal) const {
auto &colors = uniqueColors();
colors.insert(protoPal.begin(), protoPal.end());
return colors.size() <= options.maxOpaqueColors();
}
/**
* Computes the "relative size" of a proto-palette on this palette
*/
double relSizeOf(ProtoPalette const &protoPal) const {
// NOTE: this function must not call `uniqueColors`, or one of its callers will break!
double relSize = 0.;
for (uint16_t color : protoPal) {
auto n = std::count_if(begin(), end(), [this, &color](ProtoPalAttrs const &attrs) {
ProtoPalette const &pal = (*_protoPals)[attrs.protoPalIndex];
return std::find(pal.begin(), pal.end(), color) != pal.end();
});
// NOTE: The paper and the associated code disagree on this: the code has
// this `1 +`, whereas the paper does not; its lack causes a division by 0
// if the symbol is not found anywhere, so I'm assuming the paper is wrong.
relSize += 1. / (1 + n);
}
return relSize;
}
/**
* Computes the "relative size" of a set of proto-palettes on this palette
*/
template<typename Iter>
auto combinedVolume(Iter &&begin, Iter const &end,
std::vector<ProtoPalette> const &protoPals) const {
auto &colors = uniqueColors();
addUniqueColors(colors, std::forward<Iter>(begin), end, protoPals);
return colors.size();
}
/**
* Computes the "relative size" of a set of colors on this palette
*/
template<typename Iter>
auto combinedVolume(Iter &&begin, Iter &&end) const {
auto &colors = uniqueColors();
colors.insert(std::forward<Iter>(begin), std::forward<Iter>(end));
return colors.size();
}
};
static void decant(std::vector<AssignedProtos> &assignments,
std::vector<ProtoPalette> const &protoPalettes) {
// "Decanting" is the process of moving all *things* that can fit in a lower index there
auto decantOn = [&assignments](auto const &tryDecanting) {
// No need to attempt decanting on palette #0, as there are no palettes to decant to
for (size_t from = assignments.size(); --from;) {
// Scan all palettes before this one
for (size_t to = 0; to < from; ++to) {
tryDecanting(assignments[to], assignments[from]);
}
// If the proto-palette is now empty, remove it
// Doing this now reduces the number of iterations performed by later steps
// NB: order is intentionally preserved so as not to alter the "decantation"'s
// properties
// NB: this does mean that the first step might get empty palettes as its input!
// NB: this is safe to do because we go towards the beginning of the vector, thereby not
// invalidating our iteration (thus, iterators should not be used to drivethe outer
// loop)
if (assignments[from].empty()) {
assignments.erase(assignments.begin() + from);
}
}
};
options.verbosePrint(Options::VERB_DEBUG, "%zu palettes before decanting\n",
assignments.size());
// Decant on palettes
decantOn([&protoPalettes](AssignedProtos &to, AssignedProtos &from) {
// If the entire palettes can be merged, move all of `from`'s proto-palettes
if (to.combinedVolume(from.begin(), from.end(), protoPalettes)
<= options.maxOpaqueColors()) {
for (ProtoPalAttrs &attrs : from) {
to.assign(attrs.protoPalIndex);
}
from.clear();
}
});
options.verbosePrint(Options::VERB_DEBUG, "%zu palettes after decanting on palettes\n",
assignments.size());
// Decant on "components" (= proto-pals sharing colors)
decantOn([&protoPalettes](AssignedProtos &to, AssignedProtos &from) {
// We need to iterate on all the "components", which are groups of proto-palettes sharing at
// least one color with another proto-palettes in the group.
// We do this by adding the first available proto-palette, and then looking for palettes
// with common colors. (As an optimization, we know we can skip palettes already scanned.)
std::vector<bool> processed(from.nbProtoPals(), false);
std::unordered_set<uint16_t> colors;
std::vector<size_t> members;
while (true) {
auto iter = std::find(processed.begin(), processed.end(), true);
if (iter == processed.end()) { // Processed everything!
break;
}
auto attrs = from.begin();
std::advance(attrs, (iter - processed.begin()));
// Build up the "component"...
colors.clear();
members.clear();
assert(members.empty()); // Compiler optimization hint
do {
ProtoPalette const &protoPal = protoPalettes[attrs->protoPalIndex];
// If this is the first proto-pal, or if at least one color matches, add it
if (members.empty()
|| std::find_first_of(colors.begin(), colors.end(), protoPal.begin(),
protoPal.end())
!= colors.end()) {
colors.insert(protoPal.begin(), protoPal.end());
members.push_back(iter - processed.begin());
*iter = true; // Mark that proto-pal as processed
}
++iter;
++attrs;
} while (iter != processed.end());
if (to.combinedVolume(colors.begin(), colors.end()) <= options.maxOpaqueColors()) {
// Iterate through the component's proto-palettes, and transfer them
auto member = from.begin();
size_t curIndex = 0;
for (size_t index : members) {
std::advance(member, index - curIndex);
curIndex = index;
to.assign(std::move(*member));
from.remove(member); // Removing does not shift elements, so it's cheap
}
}
}
});
options.verbosePrint(Options::VERB_DEBUG, "%zu palettes after decanting on \"components\"\n",
assignments.size());
// Decant on individual proto-palettes
decantOn([&protoPalettes](AssignedProtos &to, AssignedProtos &from) {
for (auto iter = from.begin(); iter != from.end(); ++iter) {
if (to.canFit(protoPalettes[iter->protoPalIndex])) {
to.assign(std::move(*iter));
from.remove(iter);
}
}
});
options.verbosePrint(Options::VERB_DEBUG, "%zu palettes after decanting on proto-palettes\n",
assignments.size());
}
std::tuple<DefaultInitVec<size_t>, size_t>
overloadAndRemove(std::vector<ProtoPalette> const &protoPalettes) {
options.verbosePrint(Options::VERB_LOG_ACT,
"Paginating palettes using \"overload-and-remove\" strategy...\n");
// Sort the proto-palettes by size, which improves the packing algorithm's efficiency
DefaultInitVec<size_t> sortedProtoPalIDs(protoPalettes.size());
sortedProtoPalIDs.clear();
for (size_t i = 0; i < protoPalettes.size(); ++i) {
sortedProtoPalIDs.insert(
std::lower_bound(sortedProtoPalIDs.begin(), sortedProtoPalIDs.end(), i), i);
}
// Begin with all proto-palettes queued up for insertion
std::queue<ProtoPalAttrs> queue(
std::deque<ProtoPalAttrs>(sortedProtoPalIDs.begin(), sortedProtoPalIDs.end()));
// Begin with no pages
std::vector<AssignedProtos> assignments{};
for (; !queue.empty(); queue.pop()) {
ProtoPalAttrs const &attrs = queue.front(); // Valid until the `queue.pop()`
options.verbosePrint(Options::VERB_DEBUG, "Handling proto-pal %zu\n", attrs.protoPalIndex);
ProtoPalette const &protoPal = protoPalettes[attrs.protoPalIndex];
size_t bestPalIndex = assignments.size();
// We're looking for a palette where the proto-palette's relative size is less than
// its actual size; so only overwrite the "not found" index on meeting that criterion
double bestRelSize = protoPal.size();
for (size_t i = 0; i < assignments.size(); ++i) {
// Skip the page if this one is banned from it
if (attrs.isBannedFrom(i)) {
continue;
}
options.verbosePrint(Options::VERB_DEBUG, "%zu/%zu: Rel size: %f (size = %zu)\n", i + 1,
assignments.size(), assignments[i].relSizeOf(protoPal),
protoPal.size());
if (assignments[i].relSizeOf(protoPal) < bestRelSize) {
bestPalIndex = i;
}
}
if (bestPalIndex == assignments.size()) {
// Found nowhere to put it, create a new page containing just that one
assignments.emplace_back(protoPalettes, std::move(attrs));
} else {
auto &bestPal = assignments[bestPalIndex];
// Add the color to that palette
bestPal.assign(std::move(attrs));
// If this overloads the palette, get it back to normal (if possible)
while (bestPal.volume() > options.maxOpaqueColors()) {
options.verbosePrint(Options::VERB_DEBUG,
"Palette %zu is overloaded! (%zu > %" PRIu8 ")\n",
bestPalIndex, bestPal.volume(), options.maxOpaqueColors());
// Look for a proto-pal minimizing "efficiency" (size / rel_size)
auto efficiency = [&bestPal](ProtoPalette const &pal) {
return pal.size() / bestPal.relSizeOf(pal);
};
auto [minEfficiencyIter, maxEfficiencyIter] =
std::minmax_element(bestPal.begin(), bestPal.end(),
[&efficiency, &protoPalettes](ProtoPalAttrs const &lhs,
ProtoPalAttrs const &rhs) {
return efficiency(protoPalettes[lhs.protoPalIndex])
< efficiency(protoPalettes[rhs.protoPalIndex]);
});
// All efficiencies are identical iff min equals max
// TODO: maybe not ideal to re-compute these two?
// TODO: yikes for float comparison! I *think* this threshold is OK?
if (efficiency(protoPalettes[maxEfficiencyIter->protoPalIndex])
- efficiency(protoPalettes[minEfficiencyIter->protoPalIndex])
< .001) {
break;
}
// Remove the proto-pal with minimal efficiency
queue.emplace(std::move(*minEfficiencyIter));
queue.back().banFrom(bestPalIndex); // Ban it from this palette
bestPal.remove(minEfficiencyIter);
}
}
}
// Deal with palettes still overloaded, by emptying them
for (AssignedProtos &pal : assignments) {
if (pal.volume() > options.maxOpaqueColors()) {
for (ProtoPalAttrs &attrs : pal) {
queue.emplace(std::move(attrs));
}
pal.clear();
}
}
// Place back any proto-palettes now in the queue via first-fit
while (!queue.empty()) {
ProtoPalAttrs const &attrs = queue.front();
ProtoPalette const &protoPal = protoPalettes[attrs.protoPalIndex];
auto iter =
std::find_if(assignments.begin(), assignments.end(),
[&protoPal](AssignedProtos const &pal) { return pal.canFit(protoPal); });
if (iter == assignments.end()) { // No such page, create a new one
options.verbosePrint(Options::VERB_DEBUG,
"Adding new palette (%zu) for overflowing proto-pal %zu\n",
assignments.size(), attrs.protoPalIndex);
assignments.emplace_back(protoPalettes, std::move(attrs));
} else {
options.verbosePrint(Options::VERB_DEBUG,
"Assigning overflowing proto-pal %zu to palette %zu\n",
attrs.protoPalIndex, iter - assignments.begin());
iter->assign(std::move(attrs));
}
queue.pop();
}
if (options.verbosity >= Options::VERB_INTERM) {
for (auto &&assignment : assignments) {
fprintf(stderr, "{ ");
for (auto &&attrs : assignment) {
fprintf(stderr, "[%zu] ", attrs.protoPalIndex);
for (auto &&colorIndex : protoPalettes[attrs.protoPalIndex]) {
fprintf(stderr, "%04" PRIx16 ", ", colorIndex);
}
}
fprintf(stderr, "} (volume = %zu)\n", assignment.volume());
}
}
// "Decant" the result
decant(assignments, protoPalettes);
// Note that the result does not contain any empty palettes
if (options.verbosity >= Options::VERB_INTERM) {
for (auto &&assignment : assignments) {
fprintf(stderr, "{ ");
for (auto &&attrs : assignment) {
fprintf(stderr, "[%zu] ", attrs.protoPalIndex);
for (auto &&colorIndex : protoPalettes[attrs.protoPalIndex]) {
fprintf(stderr, "%04" PRIx16 ", ", colorIndex);
}
}
fprintf(stderr, "} (volume = %zu)\n", assignment.volume());
}
}
DefaultInitVec<size_t> mappings(protoPalettes.size());
for (size_t i = 0; i < assignments.size(); ++i) {
for (ProtoPalAttrs const &attrs : assignments[i]) {
mappings[attrs.protoPalIndex] = i;
}
}
return {mappings, assignments.size()};
}
} // namespace packing