ref: 0406d9828a33e1a5597905aac2f64b40432d962c
dir: /sys/lib/python/pydoc.py/
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: Latin-1 -*-
"""Generate Python documentation in HTML or text for interactive use.
In the Python interpreter, do "from pydoc import help" to provide online
help. Calling help(thing) on a Python object documents the object.
Or, at the shell command line outside of Python:
Run "pydoc <name>" to show documentation on something. <name> may be
the name of a function, module, package, or a dotted reference to a
class or function within a module or module in a package. If the
argument contains a path segment delimiter (e.g. slash on Unix,
backslash on Windows) it is treated as the path to a Python source file.
Run "pydoc -k <keyword>" to search for a keyword in the synopsis lines
of all available modules.
Run "pydoc -p <port>" to start an HTTP server on a given port on the
local machine to generate documentation web pages.
For platforms without a command line, "pydoc -g" starts the HTTP server
and also pops up a little window for controlling it.
Run "pydoc -w <name>" to write out the HTML documentation for a module
to a file named "<name>.html".
Module docs for core modules are assumed to be in
http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/
This can be overridden by setting the PYTHONDOCS environment variable
to a different URL or to a local directory containing the Library
Reference Manual pages.
"""
__author__ = "Ka-Ping Yee <ping@lfw.org>"
__date__ = "26 February 2001"
__version__ = "$Revision: 54366 $"
__credits__ = """Guido van Rossum, for an excellent programming language.
Tommy Burnette, the original creator of manpy.
Paul Prescod, for all his work on onlinehelp.
Richard Chamberlain, for the first implementation of textdoc.
"""
# Known bugs that can't be fixed here:
# - imp.load_module() cannot be prevented from clobbering existing
# loaded modules, so calling synopsis() on a binary module file
# changes the contents of any existing module with the same name.
# - If the __file__ attribute on a module is a relative path and
# the current directory is changed with os.chdir(), an incorrect
# path will be displayed.
import sys, imp, os, re, types, inspect, __builtin__, pkgutil
from repr import Repr
from string import expandtabs, find, join, lower, split, strip, rfind, rstrip
try:
from collections import deque
except ImportError:
# Python 2.3 compatibility
class deque(list):
def popleft(self):
return self.pop(0)
# --------------------------------------------------------- common routines
def pathdirs():
"""Convert sys.path into a list of absolute, existing, unique paths."""
dirs = []
normdirs = []
for dir in sys.path:
dir = os.path.abspath(dir or '.')
normdir = os.path.normcase(dir)
if normdir not in normdirs and os.path.isdir(dir):
dirs.append(dir)
normdirs.append(normdir)
return dirs
def getdoc(object):
"""Get the doc string or comments for an object."""
result = inspect.getdoc(object) or inspect.getcomments(object)
return result and re.sub('^ *\n', '', rstrip(result)) or ''
def splitdoc(doc):
"""Split a doc string into a synopsis line (if any) and the rest."""
lines = split(strip(doc), '\n')
if len(lines) == 1:
return lines[0], ''
elif len(lines) >= 2 and not rstrip(lines[1]):
return lines[0], join(lines[2:], '\n')
return '', join(lines, '\n')
def classname(object, modname):
"""Get a class name and qualify it with a module name if necessary."""
name = object.__name__
if object.__module__ != modname:
name = object.__module__ + '.' + name
return name
def isdata(object):
"""Check if an object is of a type that probably means it's data."""
return not (inspect.ismodule(object) or inspect.isclass(object) or
inspect.isroutine(object) or inspect.isframe(object) or
inspect.istraceback(object) or inspect.iscode(object))
def replace(text, *pairs):
"""Do a series of global replacements on a string."""
while pairs:
text = join(split(text, pairs[0]), pairs[1])
pairs = pairs[2:]
return text
def cram(text, maxlen):
"""Omit part of a string if needed to make it fit in a maximum length."""
if len(text) > maxlen:
pre = max(0, (maxlen-3)//2)
post = max(0, maxlen-3-pre)
return text[:pre] + '...' + text[len(text)-post:]
return text
_re_stripid = re.compile(r' at 0x[0-9a-f]{6,16}(>+)$', re.IGNORECASE)
def stripid(text):
"""Remove the hexadecimal id from a Python object representation."""
# The behaviour of %p is implementation-dependent in terms of case.
if _re_stripid.search(repr(Exception)):
return _re_stripid.sub(r'\1', text)
return text
def _is_some_method(obj):
return inspect.ismethod(obj) or inspect.ismethoddescriptor(obj)
def allmethods(cl):
methods = {}
for key, value in inspect.getmembers(cl, _is_some_method):
methods[key] = 1
for base in cl.__bases__:
methods.update(allmethods(base)) # all your base are belong to us
for key in methods.keys():
methods[key] = getattr(cl, key)
return methods
def _split_list(s, predicate):
"""Split sequence s via predicate, and return pair ([true], [false]).
The return value is a 2-tuple of lists,
([x for x in s if predicate(x)],
[x for x in s if not predicate(x)])
"""
yes = []
no = []
for x in s:
if predicate(x):
yes.append(x)
else:
no.append(x)
return yes, no
def visiblename(name, all=None):
"""Decide whether to show documentation on a variable."""
# Certain special names are redundant.
if name in ('__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__path__',
'__module__', '__name__', '__slots__'): return 0
# Private names are hidden, but special names are displayed.
if name.startswith('__') and name.endswith('__'): return 1
if all is not None:
# only document that which the programmer exported in __all__
return name in all
else:
return not name.startswith('_')
def classify_class_attrs(object):
"""Wrap inspect.classify_class_attrs, with fixup for data descriptors."""
def fixup((name, kind, cls, value)):
if inspect.isdatadescriptor(value):
kind = 'data descriptor'
return name, kind, cls, value
return map(fixup, inspect.classify_class_attrs(object))
# ----------------------------------------------------- module manipulation
def ispackage(path):
"""Guess whether a path refers to a package directory."""
if os.path.isdir(path):
for ext in ('.py', '.pyc', '.pyo'):
if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(path, '__init__' + ext)):
return True
return False
def source_synopsis(file):
line = file.readline()
while line[:1] == '#' or not strip(line):
line = file.readline()
if not line: break
line = strip(line)
if line[:4] == 'r"""': line = line[1:]
if line[:3] == '"""':
line = line[3:]
if line[-1:] == '\\': line = line[:-1]
while not strip(line):
line = file.readline()
if not line: break
result = strip(split(line, '"""')[0])
else: result = None
return result
def synopsis(filename, cache={}):
"""Get the one-line summary out of a module file."""
mtime = os.stat(filename).st_mtime
lastupdate, result = cache.get(filename, (0, None))
if lastupdate < mtime:
info = inspect.getmoduleinfo(filename)
try:
file = open(filename)
except IOError:
# module can't be opened, so skip it
return None
if info and 'b' in info[2]: # binary modules have to be imported
try: module = imp.load_module('__temp__', file, filename, info[1:])
except: return None
result = (module.__doc__ or '').splitlines()[0]
del sys.modules['__temp__']
else: # text modules can be directly examined
result = source_synopsis(file)
file.close()
cache[filename] = (mtime, result)
return result
class ErrorDuringImport(Exception):
"""Errors that occurred while trying to import something to document it."""
def __init__(self, filename, (exc, value, tb)):
self.filename = filename
self.exc = exc
self.value = value
self.tb = tb
def __str__(self):
exc = self.exc
if type(exc) is types.ClassType:
exc = exc.__name__
return 'problem in %s - %s: %s' % (self.filename, exc, self.value)
def importfile(path):
"""Import a Python source file or compiled file given its path."""
magic = imp.get_magic()
file = open(path, 'r')
if file.read(len(magic)) == magic:
kind = imp.PY_COMPILED
else:
kind = imp.PY_SOURCE
file.close()
filename = os.path.basename(path)
name, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
file = open(path, 'r')
try:
module = imp.load_module(name, file, path, (ext, 'r', kind))
except:
raise ErrorDuringImport(path, sys.exc_info())
file.close()
return module
def safeimport(path, forceload=0, cache={}):
"""Import a module; handle errors; return None if the module isn't found.
If the module *is* found but an exception occurs, it's wrapped in an
ErrorDuringImport exception and reraised. Unlike __import__, if a
package path is specified, the module at the end of the path is returned,
not the package at the beginning. If the optional 'forceload' argument
is 1, we reload the module from disk (unless it's a dynamic extension)."""
try:
# If forceload is 1 and the module has been previously loaded from
# disk, we always have to reload the module. Checking the file's
# mtime isn't good enough (e.g. the module could contain a class
# that inherits from another module that has changed).
if forceload and path in sys.modules:
if path not in sys.builtin_module_names:
# Avoid simply calling reload() because it leaves names in
# the currently loaded module lying around if they're not
# defined in the new source file. Instead, remove the
# module from sys.modules and re-import. Also remove any
# submodules because they won't appear in the newly loaded
# module's namespace if they're already in sys.modules.
subs = [m for m in sys.modules if m.startswith(path + '.')]
for key in [path] + subs:
# Prevent garbage collection.
cache[key] = sys.modules[key]
del sys.modules[key]
module = __import__(path)
except:
# Did the error occur before or after the module was found?
(exc, value, tb) = info = sys.exc_info()
if path in sys.modules:
# An error occurred while executing the imported module.
raise ErrorDuringImport(sys.modules[path].__file__, info)
elif exc is SyntaxError:
# A SyntaxError occurred before we could execute the module.
raise ErrorDuringImport(value.filename, info)
elif exc is ImportError and \
split(lower(str(value)))[:2] == ['no', 'module']:
# The module was not found.
return None
else:
# Some other error occurred during the importing process.
raise ErrorDuringImport(path, sys.exc_info())
for part in split(path, '.')[1:]:
try: module = getattr(module, part)
except AttributeError: return None
return module
# ---------------------------------------------------- formatter base class
class Doc:
def document(self, object, name=None, *args):
"""Generate documentation for an object."""
args = (object, name) + args
# 'try' clause is to attempt to handle the possibility that inspect
# identifies something in a way that pydoc itself has issues handling;
# think 'super' and how it is a descriptor (which raises the exception
# by lacking a __name__ attribute) and an instance.
if inspect.isgetsetdescriptor(object): return self.docdata(*args)
if inspect.ismemberdescriptor(object): return self.docdata(*args)
try:
if inspect.ismodule(object): return self.docmodule(*args)
if inspect.isclass(object): return self.docclass(*args)
if inspect.isroutine(object): return self.docroutine(*args)
except AttributeError:
pass
if isinstance(object, property): return self.docproperty(*args)
return self.docother(*args)
def fail(self, object, name=None, *args):
"""Raise an exception for unimplemented types."""
message = "don't know how to document object%s of type %s" % (
name and ' ' + repr(name), type(object).__name__)
raise TypeError, message
docmodule = docclass = docroutine = docother = docproperty = docdata = fail
def getdocloc(self, object):
"""Return the location of module docs or None"""
try:
file = inspect.getabsfile(object)
except TypeError:
file = '(built-in)'
docloc = os.environ.get("PYTHONDOCS",
"http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib")
basedir = os.path.join(sys.exec_prefix, "lib",
"python"+sys.version[0:3])
if (isinstance(object, type(os)) and
(object.__name__ in ('errno', 'exceptions', 'gc', 'imp',
'marshal', 'posix', 'signal', 'sys',
'thread', 'zipimport') or
(file.startswith(basedir) and
not file.startswith(os.path.join(basedir, 'site-packages'))))):
htmlfile = "module-%s.html" % object.__name__
if docloc.startswith("http://"):
docloc = "%s/%s" % (docloc.rstrip("/"), htmlfile)
else:
docloc = os.path.join(docloc, htmlfile)
else:
docloc = None
return docloc
# -------------------------------------------- HTML documentation generator
class HTMLRepr(Repr):
"""Class for safely making an HTML representation of a Python object."""
def __init__(self):
Repr.__init__(self)
self.maxlist = self.maxtuple = 20
self.maxdict = 10
self.maxstring = self.maxother = 100
def escape(self, text):
return replace(text, '&', '&', '<', '<', '>', '>')
def repr(self, object):
return Repr.repr(self, object)
def repr1(self, x, level):
if hasattr(type(x), '__name__'):
methodname = 'repr_' + join(split(type(x).__name__), '_')
if hasattr(self, methodname):
return getattr(self, methodname)(x, level)
return self.escape(cram(stripid(repr(x)), self.maxother))
def repr_string(self, x, level):
test = cram(x, self.maxstring)
testrepr = repr(test)
if '\\' in test and '\\' not in replace(testrepr, r'\\', ''):
# Backslashes are only literal in the string and are never
# needed to make any special characters, so show a raw string.
return 'r' + testrepr[0] + self.escape(test) + testrepr[0]
return re.sub(r'((\\[\\abfnrtv\'"]|\\[0-9]..|\\x..|\\u....)+)',
r'<font color="#c040c0">\1</font>',
self.escape(testrepr))
repr_str = repr_string
def repr_instance(self, x, level):
try:
return self.escape(cram(stripid(repr(x)), self.maxstring))
except:
return self.escape('<%s instance>' % x.__class__.__name__)
repr_unicode = repr_string
class HTMLDoc(Doc):
"""Formatter class for HTML documentation."""
# ------------------------------------------- HTML formatting utilities
_repr_instance = HTMLRepr()
repr = _repr_instance.repr
escape = _repr_instance.escape
def page(self, title, contents):
"""Format an HTML page."""
return '''
<!doctype html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<html><head><title>Python: %s</title>
</head><body bgcolor="#f0f0f8">
%s
</body></html>''' % (title, contents)
def heading(self, title, fgcol, bgcol, extras=''):
"""Format a page heading."""
return '''
<table width="100%%" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=0 summary="heading">
<tr bgcolor="%s">
<td valign=bottom> <br>
<font color="%s" face="helvetica, arial"> <br>%s</font></td
><td align=right valign=bottom
><font color="%s" face="helvetica, arial">%s</font></td></tr></table>
''' % (bgcol, fgcol, title, fgcol, extras or ' ')
def section(self, title, fgcol, bgcol, contents, width=6,
prelude='', marginalia=None, gap=' '):
"""Format a section with a heading."""
if marginalia is None:
marginalia = '<tt>' + ' ' * width + '</tt>'
result = '''<p>
<table width="100%%" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=0 summary="section">
<tr bgcolor="%s">
<td colspan=3 valign=bottom> <br>
<font color="%s" face="helvetica, arial">%s</font></td></tr>
''' % (bgcol, fgcol, title)
if prelude:
result = result + '''
<tr bgcolor="%s"><td rowspan=2>%s</td>
<td colspan=2>%s</td></tr>
<tr><td>%s</td>''' % (bgcol, marginalia, prelude, gap)
else:
result = result + '''
<tr><td bgcolor="%s">%s</td><td>%s</td>''' % (bgcol, marginalia, gap)
return result + '\n<td width="100%%">%s</td></tr></table>' % contents
def bigsection(self, title, *args):
"""Format a section with a big heading."""
title = '<big><strong>%s</strong></big>' % title
return self.section(title, *args)
def preformat(self, text):
"""Format literal preformatted text."""
text = self.escape(expandtabs(text))
return replace(text, '\n\n', '\n \n', '\n\n', '\n \n',
' ', ' ', '\n', '<br>\n')
def multicolumn(self, list, format, cols=4):
"""Format a list of items into a multi-column list."""
result = ''
rows = (len(list)+cols-1)/cols
for col in range(cols):
result = result + '<td width="%d%%" valign=top>' % (100/cols)
for i in range(rows*col, rows*col+rows):
if i < len(list):
result = result + format(list[i]) + '<br>\n'
result = result + '</td>'
return '<table width="100%%" summary="list"><tr>%s</tr></table>' % result
def grey(self, text): return '<font color="#909090">%s</font>' % text
def namelink(self, name, *dicts):
"""Make a link for an identifier, given name-to-URL mappings."""
for dict in dicts:
if name in dict:
return '<a href="%s">%s</a>' % (dict[name], name)
return name
def classlink(self, object, modname):
"""Make a link for a class."""
name, module = object.__name__, sys.modules.get(object.__module__)
if hasattr(module, name) and getattr(module, name) is object:
return '<a href="%s.html#%s">%s</a>' % (
module.__name__, name, classname(object, modname))
return classname(object, modname)
def modulelink(self, object):
"""Make a link for a module."""
return '<a href="%s.html">%s</a>' % (object.__name__, object.__name__)
def modpkglink(self, (name, path, ispackage, shadowed)):
"""Make a link for a module or package to display in an index."""
if shadowed:
return self.grey(name)
if path:
url = '%s.%s.html' % (path, name)
else:
url = '%s.html' % name
if ispackage:
text = '<strong>%s</strong> (package)' % name
else:
text = name
return '<a href="%s">%s</a>' % (url, text)
def markup(self, text, escape=None, funcs={}, classes={}, methods={}):
"""Mark up some plain text, given a context of symbols to look for.
Each context dictionary maps object names to anchor names."""
escape = escape or self.escape
results = []
here = 0
pattern = re.compile(r'\b((http|ftp)://\S+[\w/]|'
r'RFC[- ]?(\d+)|'
r'PEP[- ]?(\d+)|'
r'(self\.)?(\w+))')
while True:
match = pattern.search(text, here)
if not match: break
start, end = match.span()
results.append(escape(text[here:start]))
all, scheme, rfc, pep, selfdot, name = match.groups()
if scheme:
url = escape(all).replace('"', '"')
results.append('<a href="%s">%s</a>' % (url, url))
elif rfc:
url = 'http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc%d.txt' % int(rfc)
results.append('<a href="%s">%s</a>' % (url, escape(all)))
elif pep:
url = 'http://www.python.org/peps/pep-%04d.html' % int(pep)
results.append('<a href="%s">%s</a>' % (url, escape(all)))
elif text[end:end+1] == '(':
results.append(self.namelink(name, methods, funcs, classes))
elif selfdot:
results.append('self.<strong>%s</strong>' % name)
else:
results.append(self.namelink(name, classes))
here = end
results.append(escape(text[here:]))
return join(results, '')
# ---------------------------------------------- type-specific routines
def formattree(self, tree, modname, parent=None):
"""Produce HTML for a class tree as given by inspect.getclasstree()."""
result = ''
for entry in tree:
if type(entry) is type(()):
c, bases = entry
result = result + '<dt><font face="helvetica, arial">'
result = result + self.classlink(c, modname)
if bases and bases != (parent,):
parents = []
for base in bases:
parents.append(self.classlink(base, modname))
result = result + '(' + join(parents, ', ') + ')'
result = result + '\n</font></dt>'
elif type(entry) is type([]):
result = result + '<dd>\n%s</dd>\n' % self.formattree(
entry, modname, c)
return '<dl>\n%s</dl>\n' % result
def docmodule(self, object, name=None, mod=None, *ignored):
"""Produce HTML documentation for a module object."""
name = object.__name__ # ignore the passed-in name
try:
all = object.__all__
except AttributeError:
all = None
parts = split(name, '.')
links = []
for i in range(len(parts)-1):
links.append(
'<a href="%s.html"><font color="#ffffff">%s</font></a>' %
(join(parts[:i+1], '.'), parts[i]))
linkedname = join(links + parts[-1:], '.')
head = '<big><big><strong>%s</strong></big></big>' % linkedname
try:
path = inspect.getabsfile(object)
url = path
if sys.platform == 'win32':
import nturl2path
url = nturl2path.pathname2url(path)
filelink = '<a href="file:%s">%s</a>' % (url, path)
except TypeError:
filelink = '(built-in)'
info = []
if hasattr(object, '__version__'):
version = str(object.__version__)
if version[:11] == '$' + 'Revision: ' and version[-1:] == '$':
version = strip(version[11:-1])
info.append('version %s' % self.escape(version))
if hasattr(object, '__date__'):
info.append(self.escape(str(object.__date__)))
if info:
head = head + ' (%s)' % join(info, ', ')
docloc = self.getdocloc(object)
if docloc is not None:
docloc = '<br><a href="%(docloc)s">Module Docs</a>' % locals()
else:
docloc = ''
result = self.heading(
head, '#ffffff', '#7799ee',
'<a href=".">index</a><br>' + filelink + docloc)
modules = inspect.getmembers(object, inspect.ismodule)
classes, cdict = [], {}
for key, value in inspect.getmembers(object, inspect.isclass):
# if __all__ exists, believe it. Otherwise use old heuristic.
if (all is not None or
(inspect.getmodule(value) or object) is object):
if visiblename(key, all):
classes.append((key, value))
cdict[key] = cdict[value] = '#' + key
for key, value in classes:
for base in value.__bases__:
key, modname = base.__name__, base.__module__
module = sys.modules.get(modname)
if modname != name and module and hasattr(module, key):
if getattr(module, key) is base:
if not key in cdict:
cdict[key] = cdict[base] = modname + '.html#' + key
funcs, fdict = [], {}
for key, value in inspect.getmembers(object, inspect.isroutine):
# if __all__ exists, believe it. Otherwise use old heuristic.
if (all is not None or
inspect.isbuiltin(value) or inspect.getmodule(value) is object):
if visiblename(key, all):
funcs.append((key, value))
fdict[key] = '#-' + key
if inspect.isfunction(value): fdict[value] = fdict[key]
data = []
for key, value in inspect.getmembers(object, isdata):
if visiblename(key, all):
data.append((key, value))
doc = self.markup(getdoc(object), self.preformat, fdict, cdict)
doc = doc and '<tt>%s</tt>' % doc
result = result + '<p>%s</p>\n' % doc
if hasattr(object, '__path__'):
modpkgs = []
for importer, modname, ispkg in pkgutil.iter_modules(object.__path__):
modpkgs.append((modname, name, ispkg, 0))
modpkgs.sort()
contents = self.multicolumn(modpkgs, self.modpkglink)
result = result + self.bigsection(
'Package Contents', '#ffffff', '#aa55cc', contents)
elif modules:
contents = self.multicolumn(
modules, lambda (key, value), s=self: s.modulelink(value))
result = result + self.bigsection(
'Modules', '#fffff', '#aa55cc', contents)
if classes:
classlist = map(lambda (key, value): value, classes)
contents = [
self.formattree(inspect.getclasstree(classlist, 1), name)]
for key, value in classes:
contents.append(self.document(value, key, name, fdict, cdict))
result = result + self.bigsection(
'Classes', '#ffffff', '#ee77aa', join(contents))
if funcs:
contents = []
for key, value in funcs:
contents.append(self.document(value, key, name, fdict, cdict))
result = result + self.bigsection(
'Functions', '#ffffff', '#eeaa77', join(contents))
if data:
contents = []
for key, value in data:
contents.append(self.document(value, key))
result = result + self.bigsection(
'Data', '#ffffff', '#55aa55', join(contents, '<br>\n'))
if hasattr(object, '__author__'):
contents = self.markup(str(object.__author__), self.preformat)
result = result + self.bigsection(
'Author', '#ffffff', '#7799ee', contents)
if hasattr(object, '__credits__'):
contents = self.markup(str(object.__credits__), self.preformat)
result = result + self.bigsection(
'Credits', '#ffffff', '#7799ee', contents)
return result
def docclass(self, object, name=None, mod=None, funcs={}, classes={},
*ignored):
"""Produce HTML documentation for a class object."""
realname = object.__name__
name = name or realname
bases = object.__bases__
contents = []
push = contents.append
# Cute little class to pump out a horizontal rule between sections.
class HorizontalRule:
def __init__(self):
self.needone = 0
def maybe(self):
if self.needone:
push('<hr>\n')
self.needone = 1
hr = HorizontalRule()
# List the mro, if non-trivial.
mro = deque(inspect.getmro(object))
if len(mro) > 2:
hr.maybe()
push('<dl><dt>Method resolution order:</dt>\n')
for base in mro:
push('<dd>%s</dd>\n' % self.classlink(base,
object.__module__))
push('</dl>\n')
def spill(msg, attrs, predicate):
ok, attrs = _split_list(attrs, predicate)
if ok:
hr.maybe()
push(msg)
for name, kind, homecls, value in ok:
push(self.document(getattr(object, name), name, mod,
funcs, classes, mdict, object))
push('\n')
return attrs
def spilldescriptors(msg, attrs, predicate):
ok, attrs = _split_list(attrs, predicate)
if ok:
hr.maybe()
push(msg)
for name, kind, homecls, value in ok:
push(self._docdescriptor(name, value, mod))
return attrs
def spilldata(msg, attrs, predicate):
ok, attrs = _split_list(attrs, predicate)
if ok:
hr.maybe()
push(msg)
for name, kind, homecls, value in ok:
base = self.docother(getattr(object, name), name, mod)
if callable(value) or inspect.isdatadescriptor(value):
doc = getattr(value, "__doc__", None)
else:
doc = None
if doc is None:
push('<dl><dt>%s</dl>\n' % base)
else:
doc = self.markup(getdoc(value), self.preformat,
funcs, classes, mdict)
doc = '<dd><tt>%s</tt>' % doc
push('<dl><dt>%s%s</dl>\n' % (base, doc))
push('\n')
return attrs
attrs = filter(lambda (name, kind, cls, value): visiblename(name),
classify_class_attrs(object))
mdict = {}
for key, kind, homecls, value in attrs:
mdict[key] = anchor = '#' + name + '-' + key
value = getattr(object, key)
try:
# The value may not be hashable (e.g., a data attr with
# a dict or list value).
mdict[value] = anchor
except TypeError:
pass
while attrs:
if mro:
thisclass = mro.popleft()
else:
thisclass = attrs[0][2]
attrs, inherited = _split_list(attrs, lambda t: t[2] is thisclass)
if thisclass is __builtin__.object:
attrs = inherited
continue
elif thisclass is object:
tag = 'defined here'
else:
tag = 'inherited from %s' % self.classlink(thisclass,
object.__module__)
tag += ':<br>\n'
# Sort attrs by name.
try:
attrs.sort(key=lambda t: t[0])
except TypeError:
attrs.sort(lambda t1, t2: cmp(t1[0], t2[0])) # 2.3 compat
# Pump out the attrs, segregated by kind.
attrs = spill('Methods %s' % tag, attrs,
lambda t: t[1] == 'method')
attrs = spill('Class methods %s' % tag, attrs,
lambda t: t[1] == 'class method')
attrs = spill('Static methods %s' % tag, attrs,
lambda t: t[1] == 'static method')
attrs = spilldescriptors('Data descriptors %s' % tag, attrs,
lambda t: t[1] == 'data descriptor')
attrs = spilldata('Data and other attributes %s' % tag, attrs,
lambda t: t[1] == 'data')
assert attrs == []
attrs = inherited
contents = ''.join(contents)
if name == realname:
title = '<a name="%s">class <strong>%s</strong></a>' % (
name, realname)
else:
title = '<strong>%s</strong> = <a name="%s">class %s</a>' % (
name, name, realname)
if bases:
parents = []
for base in bases:
parents.append(self.classlink(base, object.__module__))
title = title + '(%s)' % join(parents, ', ')
doc = self.markup(getdoc(object), self.preformat, funcs, classes, mdict)
doc = doc and '<tt>%s<br> </tt>' % doc
return self.section(title, '#000000', '#ffc8d8', contents, 3, doc)
def formatvalue(self, object):
"""Format an argument default value as text."""
return self.grey('=' + self.repr(object))
def docroutine(self, object, name=None, mod=None,
funcs={}, classes={}, methods={}, cl=None):
"""Produce HTML documentation for a function or method object."""
realname = object.__name__
name = name or realname
anchor = (cl and cl.__name__ or '') + '-' + name
note = ''
skipdocs = 0
if inspect.ismethod(object):
imclass = object.im_class
if cl:
if imclass is not cl:
note = ' from ' + self.classlink(imclass, mod)
else:
if object.im_self is not None:
note = ' method of %s instance' % self.classlink(
object.im_self.__class__, mod)
else:
note = ' unbound %s method' % self.classlink(imclass,mod)
object = object.im_func
if name == realname:
title = '<a name="%s"><strong>%s</strong></a>' % (anchor, realname)
else:
if (cl and realname in cl.__dict__ and
cl.__dict__[realname] is object):
reallink = '<a href="#%s">%s</a>' % (
cl.__name__ + '-' + realname, realname)
skipdocs = 1
else:
reallink = realname
title = '<a name="%s"><strong>%s</strong></a> = %s' % (
anchor, name, reallink)
if inspect.isfunction(object):
args, varargs, varkw, defaults = inspect.getargspec(object)
argspec = inspect.formatargspec(
args, varargs, varkw, defaults, formatvalue=self.formatvalue)
if realname == '<lambda>':
title = '<strong>%s</strong> <em>lambda</em> ' % name
argspec = argspec[1:-1] # remove parentheses
else:
argspec = '(...)'
decl = title + argspec + (note and self.grey(
'<font face="helvetica, arial">%s</font>' % note))
if skipdocs:
return '<dl><dt>%s</dt></dl>\n' % decl
else:
doc = self.markup(
getdoc(object), self.preformat, funcs, classes, methods)
doc = doc and '<dd><tt>%s</tt></dd>' % doc
return '<dl><dt>%s</dt>%s</dl>\n' % (decl, doc)
def _docdescriptor(self, name, value, mod):
results = []
push = results.append
if name:
push('<dl><dt><strong>%s</strong></dt>\n' % name)
if value.__doc__ is not None:
doc = self.markup(getdoc(value), self.preformat)
push('<dd><tt>%s</tt></dd>\n' % doc)
push('</dl>\n')
return ''.join(results)
def docproperty(self, object, name=None, mod=None, cl=None):
"""Produce html documentation for a property."""
return self._docdescriptor(name, object, mod)
def docother(self, object, name=None, mod=None, *ignored):
"""Produce HTML documentation for a data object."""
lhs = name and '<strong>%s</strong> = ' % name or ''
return lhs + self.repr(object)
def docdata(self, object, name=None, mod=None, cl=None):
"""Produce html documentation for a data descriptor."""
return self._docdescriptor(name, object, mod)
def index(self, dir, shadowed=None):
"""Generate an HTML index for a directory of modules."""
modpkgs = []
if shadowed is None: shadowed = {}
for importer, name, ispkg in pkgutil.iter_modules([dir]):
modpkgs.append((name, '', ispkg, name in shadowed))
shadowed[name] = 1
modpkgs.sort()
contents = self.multicolumn(modpkgs, self.modpkglink)
return self.bigsection(dir, '#ffffff', '#ee77aa', contents)
# -------------------------------------------- text documentation generator
class TextRepr(Repr):
"""Class for safely making a text representation of a Python object."""
def __init__(self):
Repr.__init__(self)
self.maxlist = self.maxtuple = 20
self.maxdict = 10
self.maxstring = self.maxother = 100
def repr1(self, x, level):
if hasattr(type(x), '__name__'):
methodname = 'repr_' + join(split(type(x).__name__), '_')
if hasattr(self, methodname):
return getattr(self, methodname)(x, level)
return cram(stripid(repr(x)), self.maxother)
def repr_string(self, x, level):
test = cram(x, self.maxstring)
testrepr = repr(test)
if '\\' in test and '\\' not in replace(testrepr, r'\\', ''):
# Backslashes are only literal in the string and are never
# needed to make any special characters, so show a raw string.
return 'r' + testrepr[0] + test + testrepr[0]
return testrepr
repr_str = repr_string
def repr_instance(self, x, level):
try:
return cram(stripid(repr(x)), self.maxstring)
except:
return '<%s instance>' % x.__class__.__name__
class TextDoc(Doc):
"""Formatter class for text documentation."""
# ------------------------------------------- text formatting utilities
_repr_instance = TextRepr()
repr = _repr_instance.repr
def bold(self, text):
"""Format a string in bold by overstriking."""
return join(map(lambda ch: ch + '\b' + ch, text), '')
def indent(self, text, prefix=' '):
"""Indent text by prepending a given prefix to each line."""
if not text: return ''
lines = split(text, '\n')
lines = map(lambda line, prefix=prefix: prefix + line, lines)
if lines: lines[-1] = rstrip(lines[-1])
return join(lines, '\n')
def section(self, title, contents):
"""Format a section with a given heading."""
return self.bold(title) + '\n' + rstrip(self.indent(contents)) + '\n\n'
# ---------------------------------------------- type-specific routines
def formattree(self, tree, modname, parent=None, prefix=''):
"""Render in text a class tree as returned by inspect.getclasstree()."""
result = ''
for entry in tree:
if type(entry) is type(()):
c, bases = entry
result = result + prefix + classname(c, modname)
if bases and bases != (parent,):
parents = map(lambda c, m=modname: classname(c, m), bases)
result = result + '(%s)' % join(parents, ', ')
result = result + '\n'
elif type(entry) is type([]):
result = result + self.formattree(
entry, modname, c, prefix + ' ')
return result
def docmodule(self, object, name=None, mod=None):
"""Produce text documentation for a given module object."""
name = object.__name__ # ignore the passed-in name
synop, desc = splitdoc(getdoc(object))
result = self.section('NAME', name + (synop and ' - ' + synop))
try:
all = object.__all__
except AttributeError:
all = None
try:
file = inspect.getabsfile(object)
except TypeError:
file = '(built-in)'
result = result + self.section('FILE', file)
docloc = self.getdocloc(object)
if docloc is not None:
result = result + self.section('MODULE DOCS', docloc)
if desc:
result = result + self.section('DESCRIPTION', desc)
classes = []
for key, value in inspect.getmembers(object, inspect.isclass):
# if __all__ exists, believe it. Otherwise use old heuristic.
if (all is not None
or (inspect.getmodule(value) or object) is object):
if visiblename(key, all):
classes.append((key, value))
funcs = []
for key, value in inspect.getmembers(object, inspect.isroutine):
# if __all__ exists, believe it. Otherwise use old heuristic.
if (all is not None or
inspect.isbuiltin(value) or inspect.getmodule(value) is object):
if visiblename(key, all):
funcs.append((key, value))
data = []
for key, value in inspect.getmembers(object, isdata):
if visiblename(key, all):
data.append((key, value))
if hasattr(object, '__path__'):
modpkgs = []
for importer, modname, ispkg in pkgutil.iter_modules(object.__path__):
if ispkg:
modpkgs.append(modname + ' (package)')
else:
modpkgs.append(modname)
modpkgs.sort()
result = result + self.section(
'PACKAGE CONTENTS', join(modpkgs, '\n'))
if classes:
classlist = map(lambda (key, value): value, classes)
contents = [self.formattree(
inspect.getclasstree(classlist, 1), name)]
for key, value in classes:
contents.append(self.document(value, key, name))
result = result + self.section('CLASSES', join(contents, '\n'))
if funcs:
contents = []
for key, value in funcs:
contents.append(self.document(value, key, name))
result = result + self.section('FUNCTIONS', join(contents, '\n'))
if data:
contents = []
for key, value in data:
contents.append(self.docother(value, key, name, maxlen=70))
result = result + self.section('DATA', join(contents, '\n'))
if hasattr(object, '__version__'):
version = str(object.__version__)
if version[:11] == '$' + 'Revision: ' and version[-1:] == '$':
version = strip(version[11:-1])
result = result + self.section('VERSION', version)
if hasattr(object, '__date__'):
result = result + self.section('DATE', str(object.__date__))
if hasattr(object, '__author__'):
result = result + self.section('AUTHOR', str(object.__author__))
if hasattr(object, '__credits__'):
result = result + self.section('CREDITS', str(object.__credits__))
return result
def docclass(self, object, name=None, mod=None):
"""Produce text documentation for a given class object."""
realname = object.__name__
name = name or realname
bases = object.__bases__
def makename(c, m=object.__module__):
return classname(c, m)
if name == realname:
title = 'class ' + self.bold(realname)
else:
title = self.bold(name) + ' = class ' + realname
if bases:
parents = map(makename, bases)
title = title + '(%s)' % join(parents, ', ')
doc = getdoc(object)
contents = doc and [doc + '\n'] or []
push = contents.append
# List the mro, if non-trivial.
mro = deque(inspect.getmro(object))
if len(mro) > 2:
push("Method resolution order:")
for base in mro:
push(' ' + makename(base))
push('')
# Cute little class to pump out a horizontal rule between sections.
class HorizontalRule:
def __init__(self):
self.needone = 0
def maybe(self):
if self.needone:
push('-' * 70)
self.needone = 1
hr = HorizontalRule()
def spill(msg, attrs, predicate):
ok, attrs = _split_list(attrs, predicate)
if ok:
hr.maybe()
push(msg)
for name, kind, homecls, value in ok:
push(self.document(getattr(object, name),
name, mod, object))
return attrs
def spilldescriptors(msg, attrs, predicate):
ok, attrs = _split_list(attrs, predicate)
if ok:
hr.maybe()
push(msg)
for name, kind, homecls, value in ok:
push(self._docdescriptor(name, value, mod))
return attrs
def spilldata(msg, attrs, predicate):
ok, attrs = _split_list(attrs, predicate)
if ok:
hr.maybe()
push(msg)
for name, kind, homecls, value in ok:
if callable(value) or inspect.isdatadescriptor(value):
doc = getdoc(value)
else:
doc = None
push(self.docother(getattr(object, name),
name, mod, maxlen=70, doc=doc) + '\n')
return attrs
attrs = filter(lambda (name, kind, cls, value): visiblename(name),
classify_class_attrs(object))
while attrs:
if mro:
thisclass = mro.popleft()
else:
thisclass = attrs[0][2]
attrs, inherited = _split_list(attrs, lambda t: t[2] is thisclass)
if thisclass is __builtin__.object:
attrs = inherited
continue
elif thisclass is object:
tag = "defined here"
else:
tag = "inherited from %s" % classname(thisclass,
object.__module__)
filter(lambda t: not t[0].startswith('_'), attrs)
# Sort attrs by name.
attrs.sort()
# Pump out the attrs, segregated by kind.
attrs = spill("Methods %s:\n" % tag, attrs,
lambda t: t[1] == 'method')
attrs = spill("Class methods %s:\n" % tag, attrs,
lambda t: t[1] == 'class method')
attrs = spill("Static methods %s:\n" % tag, attrs,
lambda t: t[1] == 'static method')
attrs = spilldescriptors("Data descriptors %s:\n" % tag, attrs,
lambda t: t[1] == 'data descriptor')
attrs = spilldata("Data and other attributes %s:\n" % tag, attrs,
lambda t: t[1] == 'data')
assert attrs == []
attrs = inherited
contents = '\n'.join(contents)
if not contents:
return title + '\n'
return title + '\n' + self.indent(rstrip(contents), ' | ') + '\n'
def formatvalue(self, object):
"""Format an argument default value as text."""
return '=' + self.repr(object)
def docroutine(self, object, name=None, mod=None, cl=None):
"""Produce text documentation for a function or method object."""
realname = object.__name__
name = name or realname
note = ''
skipdocs = 0
if inspect.ismethod(object):
imclass = object.im_class
if cl:
if imclass is not cl:
note = ' from ' + classname(imclass, mod)
else:
if object.im_self is not None:
note = ' method of %s instance' % classname(
object.im_self.__class__, mod)
else:
note = ' unbound %s method' % classname(imclass,mod)
object = object.im_func
if name == realname:
title = self.bold(realname)
else:
if (cl and realname in cl.__dict__ and
cl.__dict__[realname] is object):
skipdocs = 1
title = self.bold(name) + ' = ' + realname
if inspect.isfunction(object):
args, varargs, varkw, defaults = inspect.getargspec(object)
argspec = inspect.formatargspec(
args, varargs, varkw, defaults, formatvalue=self.formatvalue)
if realname == '<lambda>':
title = self.bold(name) + ' lambda '
argspec = argspec[1:-1] # remove parentheses
else:
argspec = '(...)'
decl = title + argspec + note
if skipdocs:
return decl + '\n'
else:
doc = getdoc(object) or ''
return decl + '\n' + (doc and rstrip(self.indent(doc)) + '\n')
def _docdescriptor(self, name, value, mod):
results = []
push = results.append
if name:
push(self.bold(name))
push('\n')
doc = getdoc(value) or ''
if doc:
push(self.indent(doc))
push('\n')
return ''.join(results)
def docproperty(self, object, name=None, mod=None, cl=None):
"""Produce text documentation for a property."""
return self._docdescriptor(name, object, mod)
def docdata(self, object, name=None, mod=None, cl=None):
"""Produce text documentation for a data descriptor."""
return self._docdescriptor(name, object, mod)
def docother(self, object, name=None, mod=None, parent=None, maxlen=None, doc=None):
"""Produce text documentation for a data object."""
repr = self.repr(object)
if maxlen:
line = (name and name + ' = ' or '') + repr
chop = maxlen - len(line)
if chop < 0: repr = repr[:chop] + '...'
line = (name and self.bold(name) + ' = ' or '') + repr
if doc is not None:
line += '\n' + self.indent(str(doc))
return line
# --------------------------------------------------------- user interfaces
def pager(text):
"""The first time this is called, determine what kind of pager to use."""
global pager
pager = getpager()
pager(text)
def getpager():
"""Decide what method to use for paging through text."""
if type(sys.stdout) is not types.FileType:
return plainpager
if not sys.stdin.isatty() or not sys.stdout.isatty():
return plainpager
if 'PAGER' in os.environ:
if sys.platform == 'win32': # pipes completely broken in Windows
return lambda text: tempfilepager(plain(text), os.environ['PAGER'])
elif os.environ.get('TERM') in ('dumb', 'emacs'):
return lambda text: pipepager(plain(text), os.environ['PAGER'])
else:
return lambda text: pipepager(text, os.environ['PAGER'])
if os.environ.get('TERM') in ('dumb', 'emacs'):
return plainpager
if sys.platform == 'win32' or sys.platform.startswith('os2'):
return lambda text: tempfilepager(plain(text), 'more <')
if hasattr(os, 'system') and os.system('(less) 2>/dev/null') == 0:
return lambda text: pipepager(text, 'less')
import tempfile
(fd, filename) = tempfile.mkstemp()
os.close(fd)
try:
if hasattr(os, 'system') and os.system('more %s' % filename) == 0:
return lambda text: pipepager(text, 'more')
else:
return ttypager
finally:
os.unlink(filename)
def plain(text):
"""Remove boldface formatting from text."""
return re.sub('.\b', '', text)
def pipepager(text, cmd):
"""Page through text by feeding it to another program."""
pipe = os.popen(cmd, 'w')
try:
pipe.write(text)
pipe.close()
except IOError:
pass # Ignore broken pipes caused by quitting the pager program.
def tempfilepager(text, cmd):
"""Page through text by invoking a program on a temporary file."""
import tempfile
filename = tempfile.mktemp()
file = open(filename, 'w')
file.write(text)
file.close()
try:
os.system(cmd + ' ' + filename)
finally:
os.unlink(filename)
def ttypager(text):
"""Page through text on a text terminal."""
lines = split(plain(text), '\n')
try:
import tty
fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
old = tty.tcgetattr(fd)
tty.setcbreak(fd)
getchar = lambda: sys.stdin.read(1)
except (ImportError, AttributeError):
tty = None
getchar = lambda: sys.stdin.readline()[:-1][:1]
try:
r = inc = os.environ.get('LINES', 25) - 1
sys.stdout.write(join(lines[:inc], '\n') + '\n')
while lines[r:]:
sys.stdout.write('-- more --')
sys.stdout.flush()
c = getchar()
if c in ('q', 'Q'):
sys.stdout.write('\r \r')
break
elif c in ('\r', '\n'):
sys.stdout.write('\r \r' + lines[r] + '\n')
r = r + 1
continue
if c in ('b', 'B', '\x1b'):
r = r - inc - inc
if r < 0: r = 0
sys.stdout.write('\n' + join(lines[r:r+inc], '\n') + '\n')
r = r + inc
finally:
if tty:
tty.tcsetattr(fd, tty.TCSAFLUSH, old)
def plainpager(text):
"""Simply print unformatted text. This is the ultimate fallback."""
sys.stdout.write(plain(text))
def describe(thing):
"""Produce a short description of the given thing."""
if inspect.ismodule(thing):
if thing.__name__ in sys.builtin_module_names:
return 'built-in module ' + thing.__name__
if hasattr(thing, '__path__'):
return 'package ' + thing.__name__
else:
return 'module ' + thing.__name__
if inspect.isbuiltin(thing):
return 'built-in function ' + thing.__name__
if inspect.isgetsetdescriptor(thing):
return 'getset descriptor %s.%s.%s' % (
thing.__objclass__.__module__, thing.__objclass__.__name__,
thing.__name__)
if inspect.ismemberdescriptor(thing):
return 'member descriptor %s.%s.%s' % (
thing.__objclass__.__module__, thing.__objclass__.__name__,
thing.__name__)
if inspect.isclass(thing):
return 'class ' + thing.__name__
if inspect.isfunction(thing):
return 'function ' + thing.__name__
if inspect.ismethod(thing):
return 'method ' + thing.__name__
if type(thing) is types.InstanceType:
return 'instance of ' + thing.__class__.__name__
return type(thing).__name__
def locate(path, forceload=0):
"""Locate an object by name or dotted path, importing as necessary."""
parts = [part for part in split(path, '.') if part]
module, n = None, 0
while n < len(parts):
nextmodule = safeimport(join(parts[:n+1], '.'), forceload)
if nextmodule: module, n = nextmodule, n + 1
else: break
if module:
object = module
for part in parts[n:]:
try: object = getattr(object, part)
except AttributeError: return None
return object
else:
if hasattr(__builtin__, path):
return getattr(__builtin__, path)
# --------------------------------------- interactive interpreter interface
text = TextDoc()
html = HTMLDoc()
def resolve(thing, forceload=0):
"""Given an object or a path to an object, get the object and its name."""
if isinstance(thing, str):
object = locate(thing, forceload)
if not object:
raise ImportError, 'no Python documentation found for %r' % thing
return object, thing
else:
return thing, getattr(thing, '__name__', None)
def doc(thing, title='Python Library Documentation: %s', forceload=0):
"""Display text documentation, given an object or a path to an object."""
try:
object, name = resolve(thing, forceload)
desc = describe(object)
module = inspect.getmodule(object)
if name and '.' in name:
desc += ' in ' + name[:name.rfind('.')]
elif module and module is not object:
desc += ' in module ' + module.__name__
if not (inspect.ismodule(object) or
inspect.isclass(object) or
inspect.isroutine(object) or
inspect.isgetsetdescriptor(object) or
inspect.ismemberdescriptor(object) or
isinstance(object, property)):
# If the passed object is a piece of data or an instance,
# document its available methods instead of its value.
object = type(object)
desc += ' object'
pager(title % desc + '\n\n' + text.document(object, name))
except (ImportError, ErrorDuringImport), value:
print value
def writedoc(thing, forceload=0):
"""Write HTML documentation to a file in the current directory."""
try:
object, name = resolve(thing, forceload)
page = html.page(describe(object), html.document(object, name))
file = open(name + '.html', 'w')
file.write(page)
file.close()
print 'wrote', name + '.html'
except (ImportError, ErrorDuringImport), value:
print value
def writedocs(dir, pkgpath='', done=None):
"""Write out HTML documentation for all modules in a directory tree."""
if done is None: done = {}
for importer, modname, ispkg in pkgutil.walk_packages([dir], pkgpath):
writedoc(modname)
return
class Helper:
keywords = {
'and': 'BOOLEAN',
'as': 'with',
'assert': ('ref/assert', ''),
'break': ('ref/break', 'while for'),
'class': ('ref/class', 'CLASSES SPECIALMETHODS'),
'continue': ('ref/continue', 'while for'),
'def': ('ref/function', ''),
'del': ('ref/del', 'BASICMETHODS'),
'elif': 'if',
'else': ('ref/if', 'while for'),
'except': 'try',
'exec': ('ref/exec', ''),
'finally': 'try',
'for': ('ref/for', 'break continue while'),
'from': 'import',
'global': ('ref/global', 'NAMESPACES'),
'if': ('ref/if', 'TRUTHVALUE'),
'import': ('ref/import', 'MODULES'),
'in': ('ref/comparisons', 'SEQUENCEMETHODS2'),
'is': 'COMPARISON',
'lambda': ('ref/lambdas', 'FUNCTIONS'),
'not': 'BOOLEAN',
'or': 'BOOLEAN',
'pass': ('ref/pass', ''),
'print': ('ref/print', ''),
'raise': ('ref/raise', 'EXCEPTIONS'),
'return': ('ref/return', 'FUNCTIONS'),
'try': ('ref/try', 'EXCEPTIONS'),
'while': ('ref/while', 'break continue if TRUTHVALUE'),
'with': ('ref/with', 'CONTEXTMANAGERS EXCEPTIONS yield'),
'yield': ('ref/yield', ''),
}
topics = {
'TYPES': ('ref/types', 'STRINGS UNICODE NUMBERS SEQUENCES MAPPINGS FUNCTIONS CLASSES MODULES FILES inspect'),
'STRINGS': ('ref/strings', 'str UNICODE SEQUENCES STRINGMETHODS FORMATTING TYPES'),
'STRINGMETHODS': ('lib/string-methods', 'STRINGS FORMATTING'),
'FORMATTING': ('lib/typesseq-strings', 'OPERATORS'),
'UNICODE': ('ref/strings', 'encodings unicode SEQUENCES STRINGMETHODS FORMATTING TYPES'),
'NUMBERS': ('ref/numbers', 'INTEGER FLOAT COMPLEX TYPES'),
'INTEGER': ('ref/integers', 'int range'),
'FLOAT': ('ref/floating', 'float math'),
'COMPLEX': ('ref/imaginary', 'complex cmath'),
'SEQUENCES': ('lib/typesseq', 'STRINGMETHODS FORMATTING xrange LISTS'),
'MAPPINGS': 'DICTIONARIES',
'FUNCTIONS': ('lib/typesfunctions', 'def TYPES'),
'METHODS': ('lib/typesmethods', 'class def CLASSES TYPES'),
'CODEOBJECTS': ('lib/bltin-code-objects', 'compile FUNCTIONS TYPES'),
'TYPEOBJECTS': ('lib/bltin-type-objects', 'types TYPES'),
'FRAMEOBJECTS': 'TYPES',
'TRACEBACKS': 'TYPES',
'NONE': ('lib/bltin-null-object', ''),
'ELLIPSIS': ('lib/bltin-ellipsis-object', 'SLICINGS'),
'FILES': ('lib/bltin-file-objects', ''),
'SPECIALATTRIBUTES': ('lib/specialattrs', ''),
'CLASSES': ('ref/types', 'class SPECIALMETHODS PRIVATENAMES'),
'MODULES': ('lib/typesmodules', 'import'),
'PACKAGES': 'import',
'EXPRESSIONS': ('ref/summary', 'lambda or and not in is BOOLEAN COMPARISON BITWISE SHIFTING BINARY FORMATTING POWER UNARY ATTRIBUTES SUBSCRIPTS SLICINGS CALLS TUPLES LISTS DICTIONARIES BACKQUOTES'),
'OPERATORS': 'EXPRESSIONS',
'PRECEDENCE': 'EXPRESSIONS',
'OBJECTS': ('ref/objects', 'TYPES'),
'SPECIALMETHODS': ('ref/specialnames', 'BASICMETHODS ATTRIBUTEMETHODS CALLABLEMETHODS SEQUENCEMETHODS1 MAPPINGMETHODS SEQUENCEMETHODS2 NUMBERMETHODS CLASSES'),
'BASICMETHODS': ('ref/customization', 'cmp hash repr str SPECIALMETHODS'),
'ATTRIBUTEMETHODS': ('ref/attribute-access', 'ATTRIBUTES SPECIALMETHODS'),
'CALLABLEMETHODS': ('ref/callable-types', 'CALLS SPECIALMETHODS'),
'SEQUENCEMETHODS1': ('ref/sequence-types', 'SEQUENCES SEQUENCEMETHODS2 SPECIALMETHODS'),
'SEQUENCEMETHODS2': ('ref/sequence-methods', 'SEQUENCES SEQUENCEMETHODS1 SPECIALMETHODS'),
'MAPPINGMETHODS': ('ref/sequence-types', 'MAPPINGS SPECIALMETHODS'),
'NUMBERMETHODS': ('ref/numeric-types', 'NUMBERS AUGMENTEDASSIGNMENT SPECIALMETHODS'),
'EXECUTION': ('ref/execmodel', 'NAMESPACES DYNAMICFEATURES EXCEPTIONS'),
'NAMESPACES': ('ref/naming', 'global ASSIGNMENT DELETION DYNAMICFEATURES'),
'DYNAMICFEATURES': ('ref/dynamic-features', ''),
'SCOPING': 'NAMESPACES',
'FRAMES': 'NAMESPACES',
'EXCEPTIONS': ('ref/exceptions', 'try except finally raise'),
'COERCIONS': ('ref/coercion-rules','CONVERSIONS'),
'CONVERSIONS': ('ref/conversions', 'COERCIONS'),
'IDENTIFIERS': ('ref/identifiers', 'keywords SPECIALIDENTIFIERS'),
'SPECIALIDENTIFIERS': ('ref/id-classes', ''),
'PRIVATENAMES': ('ref/atom-identifiers', ''),
'LITERALS': ('ref/atom-literals', 'STRINGS BACKQUOTES NUMBERS TUPLELITERALS LISTLITERALS DICTIONARYLITERALS'),
'TUPLES': 'SEQUENCES',
'TUPLELITERALS': ('ref/exprlists', 'TUPLES LITERALS'),
'LISTS': ('lib/typesseq-mutable', 'LISTLITERALS'),
'LISTLITERALS': ('ref/lists', 'LISTS LITERALS'),
'DICTIONARIES': ('lib/typesmapping', 'DICTIONARYLITERALS'),
'DICTIONARYLITERALS': ('ref/dict', 'DICTIONARIES LITERALS'),
'BACKQUOTES': ('ref/string-conversions', 'repr str STRINGS LITERALS'),
'ATTRIBUTES': ('ref/attribute-references', 'getattr hasattr setattr ATTRIBUTEMETHODS'),
'SUBSCRIPTS': ('ref/subscriptions', 'SEQUENCEMETHODS1'),
'SLICINGS': ('ref/slicings', 'SEQUENCEMETHODS2'),
'CALLS': ('ref/calls', 'EXPRESSIONS'),
'POWER': ('ref/power', 'EXPRESSIONS'),
'UNARY': ('ref/unary', 'EXPRESSIONS'),
'BINARY': ('ref/binary', 'EXPRESSIONS'),
'SHIFTING': ('ref/shifting', 'EXPRESSIONS'),
'BITWISE': ('ref/bitwise', 'EXPRESSIONS'),
'COMPARISON': ('ref/comparisons', 'EXPRESSIONS BASICMETHODS'),
'BOOLEAN': ('ref/Booleans', 'EXPRESSIONS TRUTHVALUE'),
'ASSERTION': 'assert',
'ASSIGNMENT': ('ref/assignment', 'AUGMENTEDASSIGNMENT'),
'AUGMENTEDASSIGNMENT': ('ref/augassign', 'NUMBERMETHODS'),
'DELETION': 'del',
'PRINTING': 'print',
'RETURNING': 'return',
'IMPORTING': 'import',
'CONDITIONAL': 'if',
'LOOPING': ('ref/compound', 'for while break continue'),
'TRUTHVALUE': ('lib/truth', 'if while and or not BASICMETHODS'),
'DEBUGGING': ('lib/module-pdb', 'pdb'),
'CONTEXTMANAGERS': ('ref/context-managers', 'with'),
}
def __init__(self, input, output):
self.input = input
self.output = output
self.docdir = None
execdir = os.path.dirname(sys.executable)
homedir = os.environ.get('PYTHONHOME')
for dir in [os.environ.get('PYTHONDOCS'),
homedir and os.path.join(homedir, 'doc'),
os.path.join(execdir, 'doc'),
'/usr/doc/python-docs-' + split(sys.version)[0],
'/usr/doc/python-' + split(sys.version)[0],
'/usr/doc/python-docs-' + sys.version[:3],
'/usr/doc/python-' + sys.version[:3],
os.path.join(sys.prefix, 'Resources/English.lproj/Documentation')]:
if dir and os.path.isdir(os.path.join(dir, 'lib')):
self.docdir = dir
def __repr__(self):
if inspect.stack()[1][3] == '?':
self()
return ''
return '<pydoc.Helper instance>'
def __call__(self, request=None):
if request is not None:
self.help(request)
else:
self.intro()
self.interact()
self.output.write('''
You are now leaving help and returning to the Python interpreter.
If you want to ask for help on a particular object directly from the
interpreter, you can type "help(object)". Executing "help('string')"
has the same effect as typing a particular string at the help> prompt.
''')
def interact(self):
self.output.write('\n')
while True:
try:
request = self.getline('help> ')
if not request: break
except (KeyboardInterrupt, EOFError):
break
request = strip(replace(request, '"', '', "'", ''))
if lower(request) in ('q', 'quit'): break
self.help(request)
def getline(self, prompt):
"""Read one line, using raw_input when available."""
if self.input is sys.stdin:
return raw_input(prompt)
else:
self.output.write(prompt)
self.output.flush()
return self.input.readline()
def help(self, request):
if type(request) is type(''):
if request == 'help': self.intro()
elif request == 'keywords': self.listkeywords()
elif request == 'topics': self.listtopics()
elif request == 'modules': self.listmodules()
elif request[:8] == 'modules ':
self.listmodules(split(request)[1])
elif request in self.keywords: self.showtopic(request)
elif request in self.topics: self.showtopic(request)
elif request: doc(request, 'Help on %s:')
elif isinstance(request, Helper): self()
else: doc(request, 'Help on %s:')
self.output.write('\n')
def intro(self):
self.output.write('''
Welcome to Python %s! This is the online help utility.
If this is your first time using Python, you should definitely check out
the tutorial on the Internet at http://www.python.org/doc/tut/.
Enter the name of any module, keyword, or topic to get help on writing
Python programs and using Python modules. To quit this help utility and
return to the interpreter, just type "quit".
To get a list of available modules, keywords, or topics, type "modules",
"keywords", or "topics". Each module also comes with a one-line summary
of what it does; to list the modules whose summaries contain a given word
such as "spam", type "modules spam".
''' % sys.version[:3])
def list(self, items, columns=4, width=80):
items = items[:]
items.sort()
colw = width / columns
rows = (len(items) + columns - 1) / columns
for row in range(rows):
for col in range(columns):
i = col * rows + row
if i < len(items):
self.output.write(items[i])
if col < columns - 1:
self.output.write(' ' + ' ' * (colw-1 - len(items[i])))
self.output.write('\n')
def listkeywords(self):
self.output.write('''
Here is a list of the Python keywords. Enter any keyword to get more help.
''')
self.list(self.keywords.keys())
def listtopics(self):
self.output.write('''
Here is a list of available topics. Enter any topic name to get more help.
''')
self.list(self.topics.keys())
def showtopic(self, topic):
if not self.docdir:
self.output.write('''
Sorry, topic and keyword documentation is not available because the Python
HTML documentation files could not be found. If you have installed them,
please set the environment variable PYTHONDOCS to indicate their location.
On the Microsoft Windows operating system, the files can be built by
running "hh -decompile . PythonNN.chm" in the C:\PythonNN\Doc> directory.
''')
return
target = self.topics.get(topic, self.keywords.get(topic))
if not target:
self.output.write('no documentation found for %s\n' % repr(topic))
return
if type(target) is type(''):
return self.showtopic(target)
filename, xrefs = target
filename = self.docdir + '/' + filename + '.html'
try:
file = open(filename)
except:
self.output.write('could not read docs from %s\n' % filename)
return
divpat = re.compile('<div[^>]*navigat.*?</div.*?>', re.I | re.S)
addrpat = re.compile('<address.*?>.*?</address.*?>', re.I | re.S)
document = re.sub(addrpat, '', re.sub(divpat, '', file.read()))
file.close()
import htmllib, formatter, StringIO
buffer = StringIO.StringIO()
parser = htmllib.HTMLParser(
formatter.AbstractFormatter(formatter.DumbWriter(buffer)))
parser.start_table = parser.do_p
parser.end_table = lambda parser=parser: parser.do_p({})
parser.start_tr = parser.do_br
parser.start_td = parser.start_th = lambda a, b=buffer: b.write('\t')
parser.feed(document)
buffer = replace(buffer.getvalue(), '\xa0', ' ', '\n', '\n ')
pager(' ' + strip(buffer) + '\n')
if xrefs:
buffer = StringIO.StringIO()
formatter.DumbWriter(buffer).send_flowing_data(
'Related help topics: ' + join(split(xrefs), ', ') + '\n')
self.output.write('\n%s\n' % buffer.getvalue())
def listmodules(self, key=''):
if key:
self.output.write('''
Here is a list of matching modules. Enter any module name to get more help.
''')
apropos(key)
else:
self.output.write('''
Please wait a moment while I gather a list of all available modules...
''')
modules = {}
def callback(path, modname, desc, modules=modules):
if modname and modname[-9:] == '.__init__':
modname = modname[:-9] + ' (package)'
if find(modname, '.') < 0:
modules[modname] = 1
ModuleScanner().run(callback)
self.list(modules.keys())
self.output.write('''
Enter any module name to get more help. Or, type "modules spam" to search
for modules whose descriptions contain the word "spam".
''')
help = Helper(sys.stdin, sys.stdout)
class Scanner:
"""A generic tree iterator."""
def __init__(self, roots, children, descendp):
self.roots = roots[:]
self.state = []
self.children = children
self.descendp = descendp
def next(self):
if not self.state:
if not self.roots:
return None
root = self.roots.pop(0)
self.state = [(root, self.children(root))]
node, children = self.state[-1]
if not children:
self.state.pop()
return self.next()
child = children.pop(0)
if self.descendp(child):
self.state.append((child, self.children(child)))
return child
class ModuleScanner:
"""An interruptible scanner that searches module synopses."""
def run(self, callback, key=None, completer=None):
if key: key = lower(key)
self.quit = False
seen = {}
for modname in sys.builtin_module_names:
if modname != '__main__':
seen[modname] = 1
if key is None:
callback(None, modname, '')
else:
desc = split(__import__(modname).__doc__ or '', '\n')[0]
if find(lower(modname + ' - ' + desc), key) >= 0:
callback(None, modname, desc)
for importer, modname, ispkg in pkgutil.walk_packages():
if self.quit:
break
if key is None:
callback(None, modname, '')
else:
loader = importer.find_module(modname)
if hasattr(loader,'get_source'):
import StringIO
desc = source_synopsis(
StringIO.StringIO(loader.get_source(modname))
) or ''
if hasattr(loader,'get_filename'):
path = loader.get_filename(modname)
else:
path = None
else:
module = loader.load_module(modname)
desc = (module.__doc__ or '').splitlines()[0]
path = getattr(module,'__file__',None)
if find(lower(modname + ' - ' + desc), key) >= 0:
callback(path, modname, desc)
if completer:
completer()
def apropos(key):
"""Print all the one-line module summaries that contain a substring."""
def callback(path, modname, desc):
if modname[-9:] == '.__init__':
modname = modname[:-9] + ' (package)'
print modname, desc and '- ' + desc
try: import warnings
except ImportError: pass
else: warnings.filterwarnings('ignore') # ignore problems during import
ModuleScanner().run(callback, key)
# --------------------------------------------------- web browser interface
def serve(port, callback=None, completer=None):
import BaseHTTPServer, mimetools, select
# Patch up mimetools.Message so it doesn't break if rfc822 is reloaded.
class Message(mimetools.Message):
def __init__(self, fp, seekable=1):
Message = self.__class__
Message.__bases__[0].__bases__[0].__init__(self, fp, seekable)
self.encodingheader = self.getheader('content-transfer-encoding')
self.typeheader = self.getheader('content-type')
self.parsetype()
self.parseplist()
class DocHandler(BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
def send_document(self, title, contents):
try:
self.send_response(200)
self.send_header('Content-Type', 'text/html')
self.end_headers()
self.wfile.write(html.page(title, contents))
except IOError: pass
def do_GET(self):
path = self.path
if path[-5:] == '.html': path = path[:-5]
if path[:1] == '/': path = path[1:]
if path and path != '.':
try:
obj = locate(path, forceload=1)
except ErrorDuringImport, value:
self.send_document(path, html.escape(str(value)))
return
if obj:
self.send_document(describe(obj), html.document(obj, path))
else:
self.send_document(path,
'no Python documentation found for %s' % repr(path))
else:
heading = html.heading(
'<big><big><strong>Python: Index of Modules</strong></big></big>',
'#ffffff', '#7799ee')
def bltinlink(name):
return '<a href="%s.html">%s</a>' % (name, name)
names = filter(lambda x: x != '__main__',
sys.builtin_module_names)
contents = html.multicolumn(names, bltinlink)
indices = ['<p>' + html.bigsection(
'Built-in Modules', '#ffffff', '#ee77aa', contents)]
seen = {}
for dir in sys.path:
indices.append(html.index(dir, seen))
contents = heading + join(indices) + '''<p align=right>
<font color="#909090" face="helvetica, arial"><strong>
pydoc</strong> by Ka-Ping Yee <ping@lfw.org></font>'''
self.send_document('Index of Modules', contents)
def log_message(self, *args): pass
class DocServer(BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer):
def __init__(self, port, callback):
host = (sys.platform == 'mac') and '127.0.0.1' or 'localhost'
self.address = ('', port)
self.url = 'http://%s:%d/' % (host, port)
self.callback = callback
self.base.__init__(self, self.address, self.handler)
def serve_until_quit(self):
import select
self.quit = False
while not self.quit:
rd, wr, ex = select.select([self.socket.fileno()], [], [], 1)
if rd: self.handle_request()
def server_activate(self):
self.base.server_activate(self)
if self.callback: self.callback(self)
DocServer.base = BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer
DocServer.handler = DocHandler
DocHandler.MessageClass = Message
try:
try:
DocServer(port, callback).serve_until_quit()
except (KeyboardInterrupt, select.error):
pass
finally:
if completer: completer()
# ----------------------------------------------------- graphical interface
def gui():
"""Graphical interface (starts web server and pops up a control window)."""
class GUI:
def __init__(self, window, port=7464):
self.window = window
self.server = None
self.scanner = None
import Tkinter
self.server_frm = Tkinter.Frame(window)
self.title_lbl = Tkinter.Label(self.server_frm,
text='Starting server...\n ')
self.open_btn = Tkinter.Button(self.server_frm,
text='open browser', command=self.open, state='disabled')
self.quit_btn = Tkinter.Button(self.server_frm,
text='quit serving', command=self.quit, state='disabled')
self.search_frm = Tkinter.Frame(window)
self.search_lbl = Tkinter.Label(self.search_frm, text='Search for')
self.search_ent = Tkinter.Entry(self.search_frm)
self.search_ent.bind('<Return>', self.search)
self.stop_btn = Tkinter.Button(self.search_frm,
text='stop', pady=0, command=self.stop, state='disabled')
if sys.platform == 'win32':
# Trying to hide and show this button crashes under Windows.
self.stop_btn.pack(side='right')
self.window.title('pydoc')
self.window.protocol('WM_DELETE_WINDOW', self.quit)
self.title_lbl.pack(side='top', fill='x')
self.open_btn.pack(side='left', fill='x', expand=1)
self.quit_btn.pack(side='right', fill='x', expand=1)
self.server_frm.pack(side='top', fill='x')
self.search_lbl.pack(side='left')
self.search_ent.pack(side='right', fill='x', expand=1)
self.search_frm.pack(side='top', fill='x')
self.search_ent.focus_set()
font = ('helvetica', sys.platform == 'win32' and 8 or 10)
self.result_lst = Tkinter.Listbox(window, font=font, height=6)
self.result_lst.bind('<Button-1>', self.select)
self.result_lst.bind('<Double-Button-1>', self.goto)
self.result_scr = Tkinter.Scrollbar(window,
orient='vertical', command=self.result_lst.yview)
self.result_lst.config(yscrollcommand=self.result_scr.set)
self.result_frm = Tkinter.Frame(window)
self.goto_btn = Tkinter.Button(self.result_frm,
text='go to selected', command=self.goto)
self.hide_btn = Tkinter.Button(self.result_frm,
text='hide results', command=self.hide)
self.goto_btn.pack(side='left', fill='x', expand=1)
self.hide_btn.pack(side='right', fill='x', expand=1)
self.window.update()
self.minwidth = self.window.winfo_width()
self.minheight = self.window.winfo_height()
self.bigminheight = (self.server_frm.winfo_reqheight() +
self.search_frm.winfo_reqheight() +
self.result_lst.winfo_reqheight() +
self.result_frm.winfo_reqheight())
self.bigwidth, self.bigheight = self.minwidth, self.bigminheight
self.expanded = 0
self.window.wm_geometry('%dx%d' % (self.minwidth, self.minheight))
self.window.wm_minsize(self.minwidth, self.minheight)
self.window.tk.willdispatch()
import threading
threading.Thread(
target=serve, args=(port, self.ready, self.quit)).start()
def ready(self, server):
self.server = server
self.title_lbl.config(
text='Python documentation server at\n' + server.url)
self.open_btn.config(state='normal')
self.quit_btn.config(state='normal')
def open(self, event=None, url=None):
url = url or self.server.url
try:
import webbrowser
webbrowser.open(url)
except ImportError: # pre-webbrowser.py compatibility
if sys.platform == 'win32':
os.system('start "%s"' % url)
elif sys.platform == 'mac':
try: import ic
except ImportError: pass
else: ic.launchurl(url)
else:
rc = os.system('netscape -remote "openURL(%s)" &' % url)
if rc: os.system('netscape "%s" &' % url)
def quit(self, event=None):
if self.server:
self.server.quit = 1
self.window.quit()
def search(self, event=None):
key = self.search_ent.get()
self.stop_btn.pack(side='right')
self.stop_btn.config(state='normal')
self.search_lbl.config(text='Searching for "%s"...' % key)
self.search_ent.forget()
self.search_lbl.pack(side='left')
self.result_lst.delete(0, 'end')
self.goto_btn.config(state='disabled')
self.expand()
import threading
if self.scanner:
self.scanner.quit = 1
self.scanner = ModuleScanner()
threading.Thread(target=self.scanner.run,
args=(self.update, key, self.done)).start()
def update(self, path, modname, desc):
if modname[-9:] == '.__init__':
modname = modname[:-9] + ' (package)'
self.result_lst.insert('end',
modname + ' - ' + (desc or '(no description)'))
def stop(self, event=None):
if self.scanner:
self.scanner.quit = 1
self.scanner = None
def done(self):
self.scanner = None
self.search_lbl.config(text='Search for')
self.search_lbl.pack(side='left')
self.search_ent.pack(side='right', fill='x', expand=1)
if sys.platform != 'win32': self.stop_btn.forget()
self.stop_btn.config(state='disabled')
def select(self, event=None):
self.goto_btn.config(state='normal')
def goto(self, event=None):
selection = self.result_lst.curselection()
if selection:
modname = split(self.result_lst.get(selection[0]))[0]
self.open(url=self.server.url + modname + '.html')
def collapse(self):
if not self.expanded: return
self.result_frm.forget()
self.result_scr.forget()
self.result_lst.forget()
self.bigwidth = self.window.winfo_width()
self.bigheight = self.window.winfo_height()
self.window.wm_geometry('%dx%d' % (self.minwidth, self.minheight))
self.window.wm_minsize(self.minwidth, self.minheight)
self.expanded = 0
def expand(self):
if self.expanded: return
self.result_frm.pack(side='bottom', fill='x')
self.result_scr.pack(side='right', fill='y')
self.result_lst.pack(side='top', fill='both', expand=1)
self.window.wm_geometry('%dx%d' % (self.bigwidth, self.bigheight))
self.window.wm_minsize(self.minwidth, self.bigminheight)
self.expanded = 1
def hide(self, event=None):
self.stop()
self.collapse()
import Tkinter
try:
root = Tkinter.Tk()
# Tk will crash if pythonw.exe has an XP .manifest
# file and the root has is not destroyed explicitly.
# If the problem is ever fixed in Tk, the explicit
# destroy can go.
try:
gui = GUI(root)
root.mainloop()
finally:
root.destroy()
except KeyboardInterrupt:
pass
# -------------------------------------------------- command-line interface
def ispath(x):
return isinstance(x, str) and find(x, os.sep) >= 0
def cli():
"""Command-line interface (looks at sys.argv to decide what to do)."""
import getopt
class BadUsage: pass
# Scripts don't get the current directory in their path by default.
scriptdir = os.path.dirname(sys.argv[0])
if scriptdir in sys.path:
sys.path.remove(scriptdir)
sys.path.insert(0, '.')
try:
opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'gk:p:w')
writing = 0
for opt, val in opts:
if opt == '-g':
gui()
return
if opt == '-k':
apropos(val)
return
if opt == '-p':
try:
port = int(val)
except ValueError:
raise BadUsage
def ready(server):
print 'pydoc server ready at %s' % server.url
def stopped():
print 'pydoc server stopped'
serve(port, ready, stopped)
return
if opt == '-w':
writing = 1
if not args: raise BadUsage
for arg in args:
if ispath(arg) and not os.path.exists(arg):
print 'file %r does not exist' % arg
break
try:
if ispath(arg) and os.path.isfile(arg):
arg = importfile(arg)
if writing:
if ispath(arg) and os.path.isdir(arg):
writedocs(arg)
else:
writedoc(arg)
else:
help.help(arg)
except ErrorDuringImport, value:
print value
except (getopt.error, BadUsage):
cmd = os.path.basename(sys.argv[0])
print """pydoc - the Python documentation tool
%s <name> ...
Show text documentation on something. <name> may be the name of a
Python keyword, topic, function, module, or package, or a dotted
reference to a class or function within a module or module in a
package. If <name> contains a '%s', it is used as the path to a
Python source file to document. If name is 'keywords', 'topics',
or 'modules', a listing of these things is displayed.
%s -k <keyword>
Search for a keyword in the synopsis lines of all available modules.
%s -p <port>
Start an HTTP server on the given port on the local machine.
%s -g
Pop up a graphical interface for finding and serving documentation.
%s -w <name> ...
Write out the HTML documentation for a module to a file in the current
directory. If <name> contains a '%s', it is treated as a filename; if
it names a directory, documentation is written for all the contents.
""" % (cmd, os.sep, cmd, cmd, cmd, cmd, os.sep)
if __name__ == '__main__': cli()