ref: 9f72db1f539ef08438ef679424a2c05d08c473d6
dir: /sox.txt/
User Commands SoX(1)
NAME
sox - Sound eXchange : universal sound sample translator
SYNOPSIS
sox infile outfile
sox infile outfile [ effect [ effect options ... ] ]
sox infile -e effect [ effect options ... ]
sox [ general options ] [ format options ] ifile [ format
options ] ofile [ effect [ effect options ... ] ]
General options: [ -e ] [ -h ] [ -p ] [ -v volume ] [ -V ]
Format options: [ -t filetype ] [ -r rate ] [ -s/-u/-U/-
A/-a/-g ] [ -b/-w/-l/-f/-d/-D ] [ -c channels ] [ -x ]
Effects:
avg [ -l | -r ]
band [ -n ] center [ width ]
check
chorus gain-in gain out delay decay speed depth
-s | -t [ delay decay speed depth -s | -fI-t ]
compand attack1,decay1[,attack2,decay2...]
in-dB1,out-dB1[,in-dB2,out-dB2...]
[gain] [initial-volume]
copy
cut
deemph
echo gain-in gain-out delay decay [ delay decay ...]
echos gain-in gain-out delay decay [ delay decay ...]
filter [ low ]-[ high ] [ window-len [ beta ]]
flanger gain-in gain-out delay decay speed -s | -fI-t
highp center
lowp center
map
mask
phaser gain-in gain-out delay decay speed -s | -t
pick
polyphase [ -w < num / ham > ]
[ -width < long / short / # > ]
[ -cutoff # ]
rate
resample
reverb gain-out reverb-time delay [ delay ... ]
reverse
split
stat [ debug | -v ]
swap [ 1 2 3 4 ]
vibro speed [ depth ]
DESCRIPTION
Sox translates sound files from one format to another, pos-
sibly doing a sound effect.
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User Commands SoX(1)
OPTIONS
The option syntax is a little grotty, but in essence:
sox file.au file.voc
translates a sound sample in SUN Sparc .AU format into a
SoundBlaster .VOC file, while
sox -v 0.5 file.au -r 12000 file.voc rate
does the same format translation but also lowers the ampli-
tude by 1/2 and changes the sampling rate from 8000 hertz to
12000 hertz via the rate sound effect loop.
Format options:
Format options effect the file that they immediately per-
cede. If they are placed before the input file name then
they effect the input data. If they are placed before the
output file name then they will effect the output data. It
is also possible to read a given file in and output it in
any supported data format by specifying output format
options.
-t filetype
gives the type of the sound sample file.
-r rate Give sample rate in Hertz of file. To cause the
output file to have a different sample rate then
the input file, include this option with the
appropriate rate value along with the output
options. If the input and output files have dif-
ferent rates then a sample rate change effect must
be ran. If a sample rate changing effect is not
specified then a default one will be used with its
default parameters.
-s/-u/-U/-A/-a/-g
The sample data is signed linear (2's complement),
unsigned linear, U-law (logarithmic), A-law (loga-
rithmic), ADPCM, or GSM. U-law and A-law are the
U.S. and international standards for logarithmic
telephone sound compression. ADPCM is form of
sound compression that has a good compromise
between good sound quality and fast
encoding/decoding time. GSM is a standard used
for telephone sound compression in European coun-
tries and its gaining popularity because of its
quality.
-b/-w/-l/-f/-d/-D
The sample data is in bytes, 16-bit words, 32-bit
longwords, 32-bit floats, 64-bit double floats, or
80-bit IEEE floats. Floats and double floats are
in native machine format.
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User Commands SoX(1)
-x The sample data is in XINU format; that is, it
comes from a machine with the opposite word order
than yours and must be swapped according to the
word-size given above. Only 16-bit and 32-bit
integer data may be swapped. Machine-format
floating-point data is not portable. IEEE floats
are a fixed, portable format.
-c channels
The number of sound channels in the data file.
This may be 1, 2, or 4; for mono, stereo, or quad
sound data. To cause the output file to have a
different number of channels then the input file,
include this option with the approraite value with
the output file options. If the input and output
file have a different number of channels then the
avg effect must be used. If the avg effect is not
specified on the command line it will be invoked
with default parameters.
General options:
-e after the input file allows you to avoid giving an
output file and just name an effect. This is
mainly useful with the stat effect but can be used
with others.
-h Print version number and usage information.
-p Run in preview mode and run fast. This will some-
what speed up sox when the output format has a
different number of channels and a different rate
then the input file. The order that the effects
are run in will be arranged for maximum speed and
not quality.
-v volume Change amplitude (floating point); less than 1.0
decreases, greater than 1.0 increases. Note: we
perceive volume logarithmically, not linearly.
Note: see the stat effect.
-V Print a description of processing phases. Useful
for figuring out exactly how sox is mangling your
sound samples.
The input and output files may be standard input and output.
This is specified by '-'. The -t type option must be given
in this case, else sox will not know the format of the given
file. The -t, -r, -s/-u/-U/-A, -b/-w/-l/-f/-d/-D and -x
options refer to the input data when given before the input
file name. After, they refer to the output data.
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User Commands SoX(1)
If you don't give an output file name, sox will just read
the input file. This is useful for validating structured
file formats; the stat effect may also be used via the -e
option.
FILE TYPES
Sox needs to know the formats of the input and output files.
File formats which have headers are checked, if that header
doesn't seem right, the program exits with an appropriate
message. Currently, raw (no header) binary and textual
data, Amiga 8SVX, Apple/SGI AIFF, SPARC .AU (w/header), AVR,
NeXT .SND, CD-R, CVSD, GSM 06.10, Mac HCOM, Sound Tools
MAUD, OSS device drivers, Turtle Beach .SMP, Sound Blaster,
Sndtool, and Sounder, Sun Audio device driver, Yamaha TX-16W
Sampler, IRCAM Sound Files, Creative Labs VOC, Psion .WVE,
and Microsoft RIFF/WAV are supported.
.8svx Amiga 8SVX musical instrument description format.
.aiff AIFF files used on Apple IIc/IIgs and SGI. Note:
the AIFF format supports only one SSND chunk. It
does not support multiple sound chunks, or the
8SVX musical instrument description format. AIFF
files are multimedia archives and and can have
multiple audio and picture chunks. You may need a
separate archiver to work with them.
.au SUN Microsystems AU files. There are apparently
many types of .au files; DEC has invented its own
with a different magic number and word order. The
.au handler can read these files but will not
write them. Some .au files have valid AU headers
and some do not. The latter are probably original
SUN u-law 8000 hz samples. These can be dealt
with using the .ul format (see below).
.avr Audio Visual Research
The AVR format is produced by a number of commer-
cial packages on the Mac.
.cdr CD-R
CD-R files are used in mastering music Compact
Disks. The file format is, as you might expect,
raw stereo raw unsigned samples at 44khz. But,
there's some blocking/padding oddity in the for-
mat, so it needs its own handler.
.cvs Continuously Variable Slope Delta modulation
Used to compress speech audio for applications
such as voice mail.
.dat Text Data files
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User Commands SoX(1)
These files contain a textual representation of
the sample data. There is one line at the begin-
ning that contains the sample rate. Subsequent
lines contain two numeric data items: the time
since the beginning of the sample and the sample
value. Values are normalized so that the maximum
and minimum are 1.00 and -1.00. This file format
can be used to create data files for external pro-
grams such as FFT analyzers or graph routines.
SoX can also convert a file in this format back
into one of the other file formats.
.gsm GSM 06.10 Lossy Speech Compression
A standard for compressing speech which is used in
the Global Standard for Mobil telecommunications
(GSM). Its good for its purpose, shrinking audio
data size, but it will introduce lots of noise
when a given sound sample is encoded and decoded
multiple times. This format is used by some voice
mail applications. It is rather CPU intensive.
GSM in sox is optional and requires access to an
external GSM library. To see if there is support
for gsm run sox -h and look for it under the list
of supported file formats.
.hcom Macintosh HCOM files. These are (apparently) Mac
FSSD files with some variant of Huffman compres-
sion. The Macintosh has wacky file formats and
this format handler apparently doesn't handle all
the ones it should. Mac users will need your
usual arsenal of file converters to deal with an
HCOM file under Unix or DOS.
.maud An Amiga format
An IFF-conform sound file type, registered by MS
MacroSystem Computer GmbH, published along with
the "Toccata" sound-card on the Amiga. Allows
8bit linear, 16bit linear, A-Law, u-law in mono
and stereo.
ossdsp OSS /dev/dsp device driver
This is a psuedo-file type and can be optionally
compiled into Sox. Run sox -h to see if you have
support for this file type. When this driver is
used it allows you to open up the OSS /dev/dsp
file and configure it to use the same data type as
passed in to Sox. It works for both playing and
recording sound samples. When playing sound files
it attempts to set up the OSS driver to use the
same format as the input file. It is suggested to
always override the output values to use the
highest quality samples your sound card can
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User Commands SoX(1)
handle. Example: -t ossdsp -w -s /dev/dsp
.sf IRCAM Sound Files.
SoundFiles are used by academic music software
such as the CSound package, and the MixView sound
sample editor.
.smp Turtle Beach SampleVision files.
SMP files are for use with the PC-DOS package Sam-
pleVision by Turtle Beach Softworks. This package
is for communication to several MIDI samplers. All
sample rates are supported by the package,
although not all are supported by the samplers
themselves. Currently loop points are ignored.
sunau Sun /dev/audio device driver
This is a psuedo-file type and can be optionally
compiled into Sox. Run sox -h to see if you have
support for this file type. When this driver is
used it allows you to open up a Sun /dev/audio
file and configure it to use the same data type as
passed in to Sox. It works for both playing and
recording sound samples. When playing sound files
it attempts to set up the audio driver to use the
same format as the input file. It is suggested to
always override the output values to use the
highest quality samples your hardware can handle.
Example: -t sunau -w -s /dev/audio or -t sunau -U
-c 1 /dev/audio for older sun equipment.
.txw Yamaha TX-16W sampler.
A file format from a Yamaha sampling keyboard
which wrote IBM-PC format 3.5" floppies. Handles
reading of files which do not have the sample rate
field set to one of the expected by looking at
some other bytes in the attack/loop length fields,
and defaulting to 33kHz if the sample rate is
still unknown.
.vms More info to come.
Used to compress speech audio for applications
such as voice mail.
.voc Sound Blaster VOC files.
VOC files are multi-part and contain silence
parts, looping, and different sample rates for
different chunks. On input, the silence parts are
filled out, loops are rejected, and sample data
with a new sample rate is rejected. Silence with
a different sample rate is generated appropri-
ately. On output, silence is not detected, nor
are impossible sample rates.
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User Commands SoX(1)
.wav Microsoft .WAV RIFF files.
These appear to be very similar to IFF files, but
not the same. They are the native sound file for-
mat of Windows. (Obviously, Windows was of such
incredible importance to the computer industry
that it just had to have its own sound file for-
mat.) Normally .wav files have all formatting
information in their headers, and so do not need
any format options specified for an input file. If
any are, they will override the file header, and
you will be warned to this effect. You had better
know what you are doing! Output format options
will cause a format conversion, and the .wav will
written appropriately. Note that it is possible
to write data of a type that cannot be specified
by the .wav header, and you will be warned that
you a writing a bad file ! Sox currently can read
PCM, ULAW, ALAW, MS ADPCM, and IMA (or DVI) ADPCM.
It can output all of these formats except the
ADPCM styles.
.wve Psion 8-bit alaw
These are 8-bit a-law 8khz sound files used on the
Psion palmtop portable computer.
.raw Raw files (no header).
The sample rate, size (byte, word, etc), and style
(signed, unsigned, etc.) of the sample file must
be given. The number of channels defaults to 1.
.ub, .sb, .uw, .sw, .ul
These are several suffices which serve as a short-
hand for raw files with a given size and style.
Thus, ub, sb, uw, sw, and ul correspond to
"unsigned byte", "signed byte", "unsigned word",
"signed word", and "ulaw" (byte). The sample rate
defaults to 8000 hz if not explicitly set, and the
number of channels (as always) defaults to 1.
There are lots of Sparc samples floating around in
u-law format with no header and fixed at a sample
rate of 8000 hz. (Certain sound management
software cheerfully ignores the headers.) Simi-
larly, most Mac sound files are in unsigned byte
format with a sample rate of 11025 or 22050 hz.
.auto This is a ``meta-type'': specifying this type for
an input file triggers some code that tries to
guess the real type by looking for magic words in
the header. If the type can't be guessed, the
program exits with an error message. The input
must be a plain file, not a pipe. This type can't
be used for output files.
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User Commands SoX(1)
EFFECTS
Only one effect from the palette may be applied to a sound
sample. To do multiple effects you'll need to run sox in a
pipeline.
avg [ -l | -r ]
Reduce the number of channels by averaging the
samples, or duplicate channels to increase the
number of channels. This effect is automatically
used when the number of input samples differ then
the number of output channels. When reducing the
number of channels it is possible to manually
specify the avg effect and use the -l and -r
options to select only the left or right channel
for the output instead of averaging the two chan-
nels.
band [ -n ] center [ width ]
Apply a band-pass filter. The frequency response
drops logarithmically around the center frequency.
The width gives the slope of the drop. The fre-
quencies at center + width and center - width will
be half of their original amplitudes. Band
defaults to a mode oriented to pitched signals,
i.e. voice, singing, or instrumental music. The
-n (for noise) option uses the alternate mode for
un-pitched signals. Warning: -n introduces a
power-gain of about 11dB in the filter, so beware
of output clipping. Band introduces noise in the
shape of the filter, i.e. peaking at the center
frequency and settling around it. See filter for
a bandpass effect with steeper shoulders.
chorus gain-in gain-out delay decay speed deptch
-s | -t [ delay decay speed depth -s | -t ... ]
Add a chorus to a sound sample. Each quadtuple
delay/decay/speed/depth gives the delay in mil-
liseconds and the decay (relative to gain-in) with
a modulation speed in Hz using depth in mil-
liseconds. The modulation is either sinodial (-s)
or triangular (-t). Gain-out is the volume of the
output.
compand attack1,decay1[,attack2,decay2...]
in-dB1,out-dB1[,in-dB2,out-dB2...]
[gain] [initial-volume]
Compand (compress or expand) the dynamic range of
a sample. The attack and decay time specify the
integration time over which the absolute value of
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User Commands SoX(1)
the input signal is integrated to determine its
volume. Where more than one pair of attack/decay
parameters are specified, each channel is treated
separately and the number of pairs must agree with
the number of input channels. The second parame-
ter is a list of points on the compander's
transfer function specified in dB relative to the
maximum possible signal amplitude. The input
values must be in a strictly increasing order but
the transfer function does not have to be monoton-
ically rising. The special value -inf may be used
to indicate that the input volume should be asso-
ciated output volume. The points -inf,-inf and
0,0 are assumed; the latter may be overridden, but
the former may not. The third (optional) parame-
ter is a postprocessing gain in dB which is
applied after the compression has taken place; the
fourth (optional) parameter is an initial volume
to be assumed for each channel when the effect
starts. This permits the user to supply a nominal
level initially, so that, for example, a very
large gain is not applied to initial signal levels
before the companding action has begun to operate:
it is quite probable that in such an event, the
output would be severely clipped while the com-
pander gain properly adjusts itself.
copy Copy the input file to the output file. This is
the default effect if both files have the same
sampling rate.
cut loopnumber
Extract loop #N from a sample.
deemph Apply a treble attenuation shelving filter to sam-
ples in audio cd format. The frequency response
of pre-emphasized recordings is rectified. The
filtering is defined in the standard document ISO
908.
echo gain-in gain-out delay decay [ delay decay ... ]
Add echoing to a sound sample. Each delay/decay
part gives the delay in milliseconds and the decay
(relative to gain-in) of that echo. Gain-out is
the volume of the output.
echos gain-in gain-out delay decay [ delay decay ... ]
Add a sequence of echos to a sound sample. Each
delay/decay part gives the delay in milliseconds
and the decay (relative to gain-in) of that echo.
Gain-out is the volume of the output.
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User Commands SoX(1)
filter [ low ]-[ high ] [ window-len [ beta ] ]
Apply a Sinc-windowed lowpass, highpass, or
bandpass filter of given window length to the sig-
nal. low refers to the frequency of the lower 6dB
corner of the filter. high refers to the fre-
quency of the upper 6dB corner of the filter.
A lowpass filter is obtained by leaving low
unspecified, or 0. A highpass filter is obtained
by leaving high unspecified, or 0, or greater than
or equal to the Nyquist freq.
The window-len, if unspecified, defaults to 128.
Longer windows give a sharper cutoff, smaller win-
dows a more gradual cutoff.
The beta, if unspecified, defaults to 16. This
selects a Kaiser window. You can select a Nuttall
window by specifying anything <= 2.0 here. For
more discussion of beta, look under the resample
effect.
flanger gain-in gain-out delay decay speed -s | -t
Add a flanger to a sound sample. Each triple
delay/decay/speed gives the delay in milliseconds
and the decay (relative to gain-in) with a modula-
tion speed in Hz. The modulation is either sino-
dial (-s) or triangular (-t). Gain-out is the
volume of the output.
highp center
Apply a high-pass filter. The frequency response
drops logarithmically with center frequency in the
middle of the drop. The slope of the filter is
quite gentle. See filter for a highpass effect
with sharper cutoff.
lowp center
Apply a low-pass filter. The frequency response
drops logarithmically with center frequency in the
middle of the drop. The slope of the filter is
quite gentle. See filter for a lowpass effect
with sharper cutoff.
map Display a list of loops in a sample, and miscel-
laneous loop info.
mask Add "masking noise" to signal. This effect deli-
berately adds white noise to a sound in order to
mask quantization effects, created by the process
of playing a sound digitally. It tends to mask
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User Commands SoX(1)
buzzing voices, for example. It adds 1/2 bit of
noise to the sound file at the output bit depth.
phaser gain-in gain-out delay decay speed -s | -t
Add a phaser to a sound sample. Each triple
delay/decay/speed gives the delay in milliseconds
and the decay (relative to gain-in) with a modula-
tion speed in Hz. The modulation is either sino-
dial (-s) or triangular (-t). The decay should be
less than 0.5 to avoid feedback. Gain-out is the
volume of the output.
pick Select the left or right channel of a stereo sam-
ple, or one of four channels in a quadrophonic
sample.
polyphase [ -w < num / ham > ]
[ -width < long / short / # > ]
[ -cutoff # ]
Translate input sampling rate to output sampling
rate via polyphase interpolation, a DSP algorithm.
This method is slow and uses lots of RAM, but
gives much better results then rate.
-w < nut / ham > : select either a Nuttal (~90 dB
stopband) or Hamming (~43 dB stopband) window.
Warning: Nuttall windows require 2x length than
Hamming windows. Default is nut.
-width long / short / # : specify the width of the
filter. long is 1024 samples; short is 128 sam-
ples. Alternatively, an exact number can be used.
Default is long.
-cutoff # : specify the filter cutoff frequency in
terms of fraction of bandwidth. If upsampling,
then this is the fraction of the orignal signal
that should go through. If downsampling, this is
the fraction of the signal left after downsam-
pling. Default is 0.95. Remember that this is a
float.
rate Translate input sampling rate to output sampling
rate via linear interpolation to the Least Common
Multiple of the two sampling rates. This is the
default effect if the two files have different
sampling rates and the preview options was speci-
fied. This is fast but noisy: the spectrum of
the original sound will be shifted upwards and
duplicated faintly when up-translating by a multi-
ple. Lerp-ing is acceptable for cheap 8-bit sound
hardware, but for CD-quality sound you should
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User Commands SoX(1)
instead use either resample or polyphase. If you
are wondering which of Sox's rate changing effects
to ues, you will want to read a detailed analysis
of all of them at http://eakaw2.et.tu-
dresden.de/~andreas/resample/resample.html
[Nov,1999: These tests need to be updated for
sox-12.18, which has bugfixes to the resample and
polyphase code.]
resample [ -qs | -q | -ql ] [ rolloff [ beta ] ]
Translate input sampling rate to output sampling
rate via simulated analog filtration. This method
is slower than rate, but gives much better
results.
The -qs, -q, or -ql options specify increased
accuracy at the cost of lower execution speed. By
default, linear interpolation is used, with a win-
dow width about 37 samples at the lower rate.
This gives an accuracy of about 16 bits, but
insufficient stopband rejection in the case that
you want to have rolloff greater than about 0.85
of the Nyquist frequency. The -q* options use
quadratic interpolation of filter coefficients,
resulting in about 22 bits precision. -qs, -q, or
-ql use window lengths of 37, 75, or 150 samples,
respectively, at the lower sample-rate of the two
files. This means progressively sharper stop-band
rejection, at proportionally slower execution
times.
rolloff refers to the cut-off frequency of the low
pass filter and is given in terms of the Nyquist
frequency for the lower sample rate. rolloff
therefore should be something between 0. and 1.,
in practice 0.8-0.95. The default is 0.8.
The beta parameter determines the type of filter
window used. Any value greater than 2.0 is the
beta for a Kaiser window. Beta <= 2.0 selects a
Nuttall window. If unspecified, the default is a
Kaiser window with beta 16.
In the case of Kaiser window beta > 2.0, lower
betas produce a somewhat faster transition from
passband to stopband, at the cost of noticeable
artifacts. A beta of 16 is the default, beta less
than 10 is not recommended. If you want a sharper
cutoff, don't use low beta's, use a longer sample
window. A Nuttall window is selected by specify-
ing any 'beta' <= 2, and the Nuttall window has
somewhat steeper cutoff than the default Kaiser
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User Commands SoX(1)
window. You will probably not need to use the
beta parameter at all, unless you are just curious
about comparing the effects of Nuttall vs. Kaiser
windows.
This is the default effect if the two files have
different sampling rates. Default parameters are
Kaiser window of length 37, rolloff 0.80, beta 16,
linear interpolation. -qs is only slightly
slower, but more accurate for 16-bit or higher
precision.
reverb gain-out delay [ delay ... ]
Add reverbation to a sound sample. Each delay is
given in milliseconds and its feedback is depend-
ing on the reverb-time in milliseconds. Each
delay should be in the range of half to quarter of
reverb-time to get a realistic reverbation.
Gain-out is the volume of the output.
reverse Reverse the sound sample completely. Included for
finding Satanic subliminals.
split Turn a mono sample into a stereo sample by copying
the input channel to the left and right channels.
stat [ debug | -v ]
Do a statistical check on the input file, and
print results on the standard error file. stat
may copy the file untouched from input to output,
if you select an output file. The "Volume Adjust-
ment:" field in the statistics gives you the argu-
ment to the -v number which will make the sample
as loud as possible without clipping. There is an
optional parameter -v that will print out the
"Volume Adjustment:" field's value and return.
This could be of use in scripts to auto convert
the volume. There is an also an optional parame-
ter debug that will place sox into debug mode and
print out a hex dump of the sound file from the
internal buffer that is in 32-bit signed PCM data.
This is mainly only of use in tracking down endian
problems that creep in to sox on cross-platform
versions.
swap [ 1 2 3 4 ]
Swap channels in multi-channel sound files. In
files with more than 2 channels you may specify
the order that the channels should be rearranged
in.
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User Commands SoX(1)
vibro speed [ depth ]
Add the world-famous Fender Vibro-Champ sound
effect to a sound sample by using a sine wave as
the volume knob. Speed gives the Hertz value of
the wave. This must be under 30. Depth gives the
amount the volume is cut into by the sine wave,
ranging 0.0 to 1.0 and defaulting to 0.5.
Sox enforces certain effects. If the two files have dif-
ferent sampling rates, the requested effect must be one of
copy, or rate, If the two files have different numbers of
channels, the avg effect must be requested.
BUGS
The syntax is horrific. It's very tempting to include a
default system that allows an effect name as the program
name and just pipes a sound sample from standard input to
standard output, but the problem of inputting the sample
rates makes this unworkable.
Please report any bugs found in this version of sox to Chris
Bagwell (cbagwell@sprynet.com)
FILES
SEE ALSO
play(1), rec(1)
NOTICES
The echoplex effect is: Copyright (C) 1989 by Jef
Poskanzer.
Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
software and its documentation for any purpose and without
fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright
notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright
notice and this permission notice appear in supporting docu-
mentation. This software is provided "as is" without
express or implied warranty.
The version of Sox that accompanies this manual page is sup-
port by Chris Bagwell (cbagwell@sprynet.com). Please refer
any questions regarding it to this address. You may obtain
the latest version at the the web site
http://home.sprynet.com/~cbagwell/sox.html
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